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PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES > Cellular adaptations > Flashcards

Cellular adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

Which genes regulate normal cell proliferation?

A
  • Proto-oncogenes

- Tumour suppressor genes

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2
Q

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle is the most critical?

A

Restriction (R) checkpoint

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3
Q

What happens when checkpoints are activated?

A
  • Delays cell cycle
  • p53 genome
  • Trigger DNA repair mechanism or apoptosis
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4
Q

What are cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDKs)?

A

-Proteins that drive the cell cycle through phosphorylation of other proteins such as RB proteins
(some growth factors work by stimulating cyclin production)

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5
Q

How are CDKs activated?

A

Formation of cyclin-CDK complexes (bind to each other)

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6
Q

How are CDKs regulated?

A

CDK inhibitors

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7
Q

What is retinoblastoma susceptibility protein (RB)?

A
  • From tumour suppressor genes
  • Prevent DNA replication
  • Inhibited by cyclin D/CDK4 complex
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8
Q

What is hyperplasia? (definition, types of tissues, cause)

A
  • An increase in tissue or organ size from increased cell number
  • Labile or stable
  • from increased functional demand or hormonal stimulus
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9
Q

What are physiological examples of hyperplasia?

A
  • Proliferation of endometrium (menstruation) under oestrogen
  • BM in response to hypoxia
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10
Q

What are pathological examples of hyperplasia?

A
  • Eczema
  • Psoriasis
  • Thyroid goitre (from iodine deficiency)
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11
Q

What is hypertrophy? (definition, types of tissues, cause)

A
  • Increase in tissue or organ size from increased cell size
  • Labile, stable but especially permanent (only way/no replicative potential)
  • From increase functional demand or hormonal stimulation
  • Cells contain more structural components (workload is shared by a greater mass if cellular components)
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12
Q

What are physiological examples of hypertrophy?

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Pregnant uterus
  • Athlete’s heavy heart
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13
Q

What are pathological examples of hypertrophy?

A
  • Ventricular cardiac muscle from hypertension
  • Intestinal stenosis (smooth muscle)
  • Prostatic hypertrophy
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14
Q

What is compensatory hypertrophy?

A

Removal of one of an organ that comes in pairs leading to hypertrophy in the remaining organ e.g. kidneys

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15
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Shrinkage of a tissue/organ due to an acquired decrease in size and/or no. of cells

  • Shrink to a point where survival is still possible
  • Reduced structural components

(organ atrophy usually a combination of cell atrophy and apoptosis)

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16
Q

What are physiological examples of atrophy?

A
  • Post menopausal women (ovaries)

- Parturition (after giving birth)

17
Q

What are pathological CAUSES of atrophy?

A
  • Disuse
  • Denervation
  • Inadequate blood supply
  • Inadequate nutrition
  • Loss of endocrine stimuli
  • Persistent injury
  • Ageing
  • Pressure
  • Toxic agents
18
Q

What is metaplasia?

A
  • Reversible change of one differentiated cell type to another
  • Labile or stable (altered stem cell differentiation)
  • No metaplasia across germ layer (e.g. bone to epithelium)
19
Q

What are metaplasia examples?

A
  • Bronchial psudostratified ciliated to stratified squamous in smoking
  • Stratified squamous to gastric glandular in Barrett’s oesophagus (persistent acid reflux)
20
Q

What is aplasia? (and give examples)

A
  • Complete failure of a specific tissue or organ to develop (embryonic development disorder)
  • Thymic aplasia, aplasia of kidneys
21
Q

What is hypoplasia? (and give examples)

A
  • Underdevelopment or incomplete development of tissue or organ at embryonic stage
  • E.g. renal, breast and chambers of the heart
22
Q

What is involution? (and give examples)

A
  • Normal programmed shrinkage of an organ

- E.g. uterus after birth, thymus, pro- and mesonephrons

23
Q

What is reconstitution?

A

Replacement of a lost body part

24
Q

What is atresia? (and give examples)

A
  • Congenital imperforation of an opening (no orfice)

- E.g. anus, vagina, small bowel

25
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

-Abnormal maturation of cells within a tissue

PATHOLOGICAL PROCESSES (11 decks)

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