Neoplasia 4 Flashcards
What are the most common tumours in children?
Leukaemia a, lymphomas and CNS tumours.
What are the most common tumours in adults?
Bowel, breast, prostate, lung carcinomas.
How do survival rates vary between types of tumour?
Massively variable. This is also dependant on how quickly they are detected as some will not be detected until they are a bad grade.
State what factors need to be taken into account when considering cancer outcome.
Tumour type, stage, grade, size, general health, age, available treatments,
Describe the TMN tumour staging
T1-4 defines the size of the primary, N0-2 is the presence at regional node (metastasis) and M0,1 is the extent of distant metastatic spread.
How do we convert TMN to stages 1-4?
1 T1/2 N0 M0 early local disease
2 T3/4 N0 M0 advanced local disease
3 T1-4 N1/2 M0 regional metastatic spread
4 T1-4 N0-2 M1 distant metastasis
What is the Ann Arbor cancer staging?
This is for lymphoma: 1- single node region 2- multiple node regions in same side of diaphragm 3- multiple node regions on opposite side of diaphragm 4- involvement of a non-lymphatic organ
What staging is used for bowel carcinoma?
Dukes staging:
A- invasion but not into muscularis propria, B- invasion into muscularis propria, C - involvement of lymph nodes, D - distant metastasis.
What is tumour grading?
This is different to staging and is a measure of how well differentiated the tissue is.
Give definitions of G1-4
G1 - well differntiated
G2 - moderately differentiated
G3 - poorly differentiated
G4 - undifferentiated/anaplastic
What is the grading system for breast carcinoma?
Bloom Richardson grading. G1 tubules, G2 mitoses, G3 nuclear pleomorphism.
Name 4 treatments of cancer
Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormone therapy
What is the difference between Adjuvant and non-adjuvant treatment?
Adjuvant treatment is post surgery to remove sub clinical disease whilst non-adjuvant treatment is pre-surgery to shrink the tumour.
How does radiotherapy help to treat cancer?
X-rays cause damage to DNA both directly and indirectly by free radical production and this is detected at the cell cycle checkpoint and apoptosis occurs.
In what doses is radiotherapy used for maximal patient benefit?
It is used in fraction end doses rather than all in one because this gives time for the normal tissue to repair in between doses and a higher depletion is seen in the tumour tissue.
