Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Hematology/Immunology Part 1 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps involved in the malignant transformation of cells?

A

Hallmarks of cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does malignancy alter body function?

A

There used to be an organ there, the tumor obliterates the organ. Normal homeostasis is interrupted. Either the organ shuts down, or produces material like hormones in excess == pathology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the current modalities used for the treatment of malignancy?

A

Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is ‘paraneoplastic syndrome’?

A

Correlated to ‘Tumor Burden,” which produces endocrine, neurologic, dermatologic and hematologic manifestations.

Chemotherapy can produce a Paraneoplastic-like syndrome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does ‘neoplasia’ refer to?

A

New growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are neoplastic cells described as?

A

Transformed. Because they continue to replicate, apparently oblivious to the regulatory influences that control normal cell growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a tumor?

A

A neoplasm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What characterizes benign tumors?

A

Often have the suffix-Oma
Non-problematic microscopic and gross characteristics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What characterizes malignant tumors?

A

Capable of invading and destroying tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is oncology?

A

The study of tumors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is morbidity?

A

The incidence of a disease in a population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a key characteristic of cancer cells related to cell death?

A

They evade pro-apoptotic signals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is mortality?

A

The incidence of death due to a disease in a population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What suffix is often found in benign tumors?

A

-oma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do cancer cells achieve self-sufficiency in growth signals?

A

By making their own growth factors or using the stroma to produce them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are sarcomas?

A

Malignant tumors from mesenchymal tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are leukemias or lymphomas?

A

Malignant tumors from mesenchymal cells of the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What role do oncogenes play in cancer development?

A

They drive cell proliferation independently of regulatory signals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are carcinomas?

A

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens when tumor suppressor genes are mutated?

A

Inhibitory signals are removed, allowing tumors to progress.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do tumors sustain angiogenesis?

A

By restructuring vessels to bring blood to them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are adenocarcinomas?

A

Carcinomas in a glandular pattern.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are squamous cell carcinomas?

A

Carcinomas producing squamous cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What enables cancer cells to have limitless replicative potential?

A

Activation of the enzyme telomerase to restore shortened telomeres.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the two basic components of a tumor?

A

Parenchymal cells and stroma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What increases cancer incidence with age?

A

Accumulation of somatic mutations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the significance of immune evasion in cancer development?

A

It allows tumors to grow despite the immune system’s presence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is involved in the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells?

A

Loosening of tumor cells, degradation of the basement membrane, and movement through vessels to distant sites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How do cancer cells evade immune destruction?

A

By altering immunity or tricking the immune system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How do tumors trick the immune system?

A

By producing specific antigens and altering proteins and glycoproteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are some geographical and environmental risk factors for cancer?

A

Chernobyl, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, arsenic, asbestos, benzene, tobacco, alcohol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are some hereditary factors in cancer development?

A

Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What role do cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+) play in immune response to tumors?

A

They are formed to target tumor antigens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are some examples of persistent inflammation leading to cancer?

A

HPV, Hepatitis C, H. pylori.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why is persistent inflammation considered a hallmark of cancer?

A

Cancer is likened to wounds that fail to heal.

36
Q

What are the hallmarks of cancer?

A

Characteristics common to all cancer cells.

37
Q

What is the role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in genomic stability?

A

They are involved in DNA repair and maintaining genome integrity.

38
Q

How do BRCA mutations contribute to cancer?

A

They lead to genetic instability, increasing cancer risk.

39
Q

What types of DNA damage are associated with BRCA mutations?

A

Nucleotide mismatches, insertions, deletions, and cross-linked DNA.

40
Q

How can chromosomal translocation activate oncogenes?

A

By causing unequal chromosome distribution during mitosis.

41
Q

What is phenotypic plasticity in the context of cancer?

A

The ability of cancer cells to change their phenotype in response to environmental conditions.

42
Q

How does non-mutational epigenetic programming contribute to cancer progression?

A

It involves changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence, often reactivating embryonic genes.

43
Q

What role do cancer testis antigens play in ovarian cancers?

A

They are embryonic genes reactivated during cancer progression.

44
Q

How do hypoxic conditions within tumors affect methylation patterns?

A

They lead to changes in DNA methylation, influencing gene expression.

45
Q

What is the significance of an altered microbiome in cancer?

A

It can influence cancer development and progression.

46
Q

What are senescent stem cells and their relevance to cancer?

A

They are aged cells that can contribute to tumor heterogeneity and cancer progression.

47
Q

How does the tumor microenvironment affect hematological malignancies?

A

It influences cancer behavior and response to therapy.

48
Q

What is the mode of action of Cisplatin in cancer treatment?

A

It causes DNA damage leading to cell death.

49
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndrome and its cause?

A

A complex of symptoms caused by the immune response to a tumor.

50
Q

What are some endocrine manifestations of paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Conditions like SIADH, hypercalcemia, and Cushing’s Syndrome.

51
Q

What are some examples of classic chemotherapy agents used in cancer therapy?

A

Platinum agents, Cyclophosphamide, Taxols, Doxorubicin

52
Q

What is the TNM staging system used for?

A

Classifying the size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis of solid tumors.

53
Q

What is the Ann Arbor Staging System used for?

A

Staging lymphomas, including Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin types.

54
Q

Which therapies are considered targeted or immune therapies for cancer?

A

Bevacizumab, Bortezomib, Imatinib, Rituximab, Vaccines

55
Q

What is another common treatment method for cancer besides chemotherapy and targeted therapies?

A

Radiation therapy

56
Q

What are some classic chemotherapy agents used in cancer treatment?

A

Platinum agents, Cyclophosphamide, Taxols, and Doxorubicin.

57
Q

What are some examples of targeted or immune therapies for cancer?

A

Bevacizumab, Bortezomib, Imatinib, Rituximab, and vaccines.

58
Q

What is the role of radiation therapy in cancer treatment?

A

It uses high-energy radiation to kill or damage cancer cells.

59
Q

What are Chondroma?

A

Benign tumor of cartilaginous tissue.

60
Q

What are Fibroma?

A

Benign tumor of fibrous tissue.

61
Q

What is Adenoma?

A

Benign epithelial type tumors exhibiting glandular patterns.

62
Q

What are Papillomas?

A

Epithelial-type benign tumor producing finger-like projections.

63
Q

Describe the mechanisms by which a malignancy affects the body to generate clinical symptoms and signs?

A

Depends on the organ, sometimes there are specific SS that are associated with cancers, others there are non-specific SS that may not even be cancer.

64
Q

Cell Cycle; G1

A

Period of cell growth.

65
Q

Cell Cycle; S

A

Synthesis of DNA (duplication)

66
Q

Cell Cycle; G2

A

Period after DNA is duplicated.

67
Q

Cell Cycle; M

A

Mitosis (cell division)

68
Q

Hallmark 1

A

Evasion of cell death.

69
Q

Hallmark 2 & 3

A

-sufficiency in growth signals and insensitivity to anti-growth signals.

70
Q

Hallmark 4

A

Sustained Angiogenesis

71
Q

Hallmark 5

A

Limitless replicative potential

72
Q

Hallmark 6

A

Ability to invade and metastasize

73
Q

Hallmark 7

A

Evasion of immune destruction

74
Q

Hallmark 8

A

Persistent Inflammation

75
Q

Hallmark 10

A

Genomic Instability

76
Q

Hallmark 11

A

Phenotypic Plasticity

77
Q

Hallmark 12

A

Non-Mutational Epigenetic Programming

78
Q

Hallmark 13

A

Altered microbiome

79
Q

Hallmark 14

A

Senescent (stem) cells

80
Q

Stage II

A

> two lymph nodes + diaphragm

81
Q

Stage 1

A

single lymph node or single extra-lymphatic site

82
Q

Stage III

A

involvement of lymph nodes and structures outside diaphragm

83
Q

Stage IV

A

diffuse and disseminated (distant sites, CSF)

84
Q

TNM Staging (T)

A

The size of the tumor and the extent of invasion

85
Q

TNM Staging (N)

A

Metastatic spread to lymph nodes

86
Q

TNM Staging (M)

A

Metastatic spread to distant sites

Hematology/Immunology Part 1 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions