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Hematology/Immunology Part 1 > Immunotherapy > Flashcards

Immunotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main components of the immune system?

A

Innate and adaptive immune systems.

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2
Q

What is the primary function of the innate immune system?

A

First line of defense against pathogens.

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3
Q

How does the adaptive immune system differ from the innate immune system?

A

It is antigen-specific and has a memory response.

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4
Q

What is the role of cytokine receptors on immune cells?

A

They help mobilize the immune response.

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5
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies used for in immunotherapy?

A

Targeting specific antigens.

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6
Q

What does the suffix ‘mab’ in monoclonal antibody names indicate?

A

Monoclonal antibody.

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7
Q

What does the internal letter ‘tu’ in monoclonal antibody names signify?

A

Tumor.

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8
Q

What is rituximab primarily used to treat?

A

B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphoid leukemia.

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9
Q

What are some adverse effects of rituximab?

A

Infusion-related reactions, rash, hypotension, reactivation of hepatitis B.

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10
Q

What types of cancer is bevacizumab indicated for?

A

Colorectal, lung, glioblastoma, renal cell carcinoma, ovarian cancer.

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11
Q

What is a major adverse effect of bevacizumab?

A

Bleeding and GI perforation.

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of action for cetuximab?

A

Binds to EGFR to decrease tumor growth.

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of action for ipilimumab (Yervoy)?

A

It works by increasing T cell activity.

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14
Q

What types of cancer is cetuximab used to treat?

A

Metastatic colorectal cancer and advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

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15
Q

What are the primary indications for trastuzumab (Herceptin)?

A

Metastatic breast cancer and gastric cancer.

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16
Q

What is a notable adverse effect of cetuximab?

A

Acne-like rash and cardiac arrest.

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17
Q

What adverse effects are associated with basiliximab (Simulect)?

A

Headache, dizziness, abdominal pain, and nausea.

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18
Q

What is the significance of RAS mutations in relation to cetuximab?

A

Tumors with RAS mutations do not respond to cetuximab.

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19
Q

How do PD-1 inhibitors like pembrolizumab (Keytruda) and nivolumab (Opdivo) function?

A

They increase T cell activity and decrease tumor cells.

20
Q

What is the primary use of dupilumab (Dupixent)?

A

Atopic dermatitis.

21
Q

What are the common adverse effects of IL-17 inhibitors like secukinumab (Cosentyx) and ixekizumab (Taltz)?

A

Nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infections, and serious infections.

22
Q

What is the mechanism of action for IL-23 inhibitors like risankizumab (Skyrizi) and guselkumab (Tremfya)?

A

They neutralize IL-23, decreasing cell proliferation and cytokine release.

23
Q

What conditions are IL-23 inhibitors primarily used to treat?

A

Moderate to severe psoriasis.

24
Q

What are the primary indications for IL-23 inhibitors?

A

Moderate-severe psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn’s disease

25
Q

What are common adverse effects of IL-23 inhibitors?

A

Upper respiratory tract infections, serious infections, injection site reactions, tinea infections

26
Q

What is the mechanism of action for mycophenolate mofetil?

A

Inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase

27
Q

What are the indications for mycophenolate mofetil?

A

Prevention of solid organ transplant rejection, graft vs host disease prophylaxis and treatment, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis

28
Q

What are the adverse effects of mycophenolate mofetil?

A

Reversible myelosuppression, GI disturbances

29
Q

What is the mechanism of action for azathioprine?

A

Converted to 6-mercaptopurine, inhibits DNA synthesis required for B and T cell proliferation

30
Q

What are the indications for azathioprine?

A

Prevention of renal transplant rejection

31
Q

What are the adverse effects of azathioprine?

A

Lymphoma, skin cancer, myelosuppression

32
Q

What is the mechanism of action for belatacept?

A

Binds to CD80 on APCs, decreases T cell activation

33
Q

What are the primary uses of tacrolimus (Prograf)?

A

Prevention of organ transplant rejection and graft vs host disease.

34
Q

What are the indications for belatacept?

A

Prevention of renal transplant rejection

35
Q

What are some adverse effects associated with tacrolimus?

A

Nephrotoxicity, hypertension, GI disturbances, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia, and neurotoxicity.

36
Q

What is the mechanism of action for sirolimus (Rapamune)?

A

Inhibition of mTOR, which decreases T cell proliferation.

37
Q

What are the adverse effects of belatacept?

A

UTI, cough, anemia, diarrhea, vomiting

38
Q

What is the mechanism of action for cyclosporine?

A

Inhibition of calcineurin, decreases IL-2 production, decreases T cell activation

39
Q

What are the indications for sirolimus (Rapamune)?

A

Prevention of organ transplant rejection, graft vs host disease, prevention of coronary artery restenosis, and prophylaxis and treatment in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.

40
Q

What are the indications for cyclosporine?

A

Prevention of organ transplant rejection, graft vs host disease, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic idiopathic urticaria, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis

41
Q

What are some adverse effects of sirolimus?

A

Profound myelosuppression, hepatotoxicity, thrombocytopenia, hypertriglyceridemia, and pneumonitis.

42
Q

How is sirolimus administered and what is its half-life?

A

Oral administration only; half-life is 60 hours.

43
Q

What are the adverse effects of cyclosporine?

A

Nephrotoxicity, hypertension, lymphoma, skin cancer, hirsutism, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia, seizures

44
Q

What is the mechanism of action for tacrolimus?

A

Inhibition of calcineurin, decreases IL-2 production, decreases T cell activation

45
Q

What are the indications for tacrolimus?

A

Prevention of organ transplant rejection, graft vs host disease, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis

46
Q

What are the adverse effects of tacrolimus?

A

Nephrotoxicity, hypertension, GI disturbances, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia, neurotoxicity

Hematology/Immunology Part 1 (12 decks)

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