Immunotherapy Flashcards
What are the two main components of the immune system?
Innate and adaptive immune systems.
What is the primary function of the innate immune system?
First line of defense against pathogens.
How does the adaptive immune system differ from the innate immune system?
It is antigen-specific and has a memory response.
What is the role of cytokine receptors on immune cells?
They help mobilize the immune response.
What are monoclonal antibodies used for in immunotherapy?
Targeting specific antigens.
What does the suffix ‘mab’ in monoclonal antibody names indicate?
Monoclonal antibody.
What does the internal letter ‘tu’ in monoclonal antibody names signify?
Tumor.
What is rituximab primarily used to treat?
B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphoid leukemia.
What are some adverse effects of rituximab?
Infusion-related reactions, rash, hypotension, reactivation of hepatitis B.
What types of cancer is bevacizumab indicated for?
Colorectal, lung, glioblastoma, renal cell carcinoma, ovarian cancer.
What is a major adverse effect of bevacizumab?
Bleeding and GI perforation.
What is the mechanism of action for cetuximab?
Binds to EGFR to decrease tumor growth.
What is the mechanism of action for ipilimumab (Yervoy)?
It works by increasing T cell activity.
What types of cancer is cetuximab used to treat?
Metastatic colorectal cancer and advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
What are the primary indications for trastuzumab (Herceptin)?
Metastatic breast cancer and gastric cancer.
What is a notable adverse effect of cetuximab?
Acne-like rash and cardiac arrest.
What adverse effects are associated with basiliximab (Simulect)?
Headache, dizziness, abdominal pain, and nausea.
What is the significance of RAS mutations in relation to cetuximab?
Tumors with RAS mutations do not respond to cetuximab.
How do PD-1 inhibitors like pembrolizumab (Keytruda) and nivolumab (Opdivo) function?
They increase T cell activity and decrease tumor cells.
What is the primary use of dupilumab (Dupixent)?
Atopic dermatitis.
What are the common adverse effects of IL-17 inhibitors like secukinumab (Cosentyx) and ixekizumab (Taltz)?
Nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infections, and serious infections.
What is the mechanism of action for IL-23 inhibitors like risankizumab (Skyrizi) and guselkumab (Tremfya)?
They neutralize IL-23, decreasing cell proliferation and cytokine release.
What conditions are IL-23 inhibitors primarily used to treat?
Moderate to severe psoriasis.
What are the primary indications for IL-23 inhibitors?
Moderate-severe psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn’s disease
What are common adverse effects of IL-23 inhibitors?
Upper respiratory tract infections, serious infections, injection site reactions, tinea infections
What is the mechanism of action for mycophenolate mofetil?
Inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase
What are the indications for mycophenolate mofetil?
Prevention of solid organ transplant rejection, graft vs host disease prophylaxis and treatment, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis
What are the adverse effects of mycophenolate mofetil?
Reversible myelosuppression, GI disturbances
What is the mechanism of action for azathioprine?
Converted to 6-mercaptopurine, inhibits DNA synthesis required for B and T cell proliferation
What are the indications for azathioprine?
Prevention of renal transplant rejection
What are the adverse effects of azathioprine?
Lymphoma, skin cancer, myelosuppression
What is the mechanism of action for belatacept?
Binds to CD80 on APCs, decreases T cell activation
What are the primary uses of tacrolimus (Prograf)?
Prevention of organ transplant rejection and graft vs host disease.
What are the indications for belatacept?
Prevention of renal transplant rejection
What are some adverse effects associated with tacrolimus?
Nephrotoxicity, hypertension, GI disturbances, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia, and neurotoxicity.
What is the mechanism of action for sirolimus (Rapamune)?
Inhibition of mTOR, which decreases T cell proliferation.
What are the adverse effects of belatacept?
UTI, cough, anemia, diarrhea, vomiting
What is the mechanism of action for cyclosporine?
Inhibition of calcineurin, decreases IL-2 production, decreases T cell activation
What are the indications for sirolimus (Rapamune)?
Prevention of organ transplant rejection, graft vs host disease, prevention of coronary artery restenosis, and prophylaxis and treatment in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.
What are the indications for cyclosporine?
Prevention of organ transplant rejection, graft vs host disease, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic idiopathic urticaria, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis
What are some adverse effects of sirolimus?
Profound myelosuppression, hepatotoxicity, thrombocytopenia, hypertriglyceridemia, and pneumonitis.
How is sirolimus administered and what is its half-life?
Oral administration only; half-life is 60 hours.
What are the adverse effects of cyclosporine?
Nephrotoxicity, hypertension, lymphoma, skin cancer, hirsutism, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia, seizures
What is the mechanism of action for tacrolimus?
Inhibition of calcineurin, decreases IL-2 production, decreases T cell activation
What are the indications for tacrolimus?
Prevention of organ transplant rejection, graft vs host disease, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis
What are the adverse effects of tacrolimus?
Nephrotoxicity, hypertension, GI disturbances, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia, neurotoxicity
