Neoplasia 1

Question 1

Define neoplasm

What is the process?

What are the two types of neoplasm?

Answer 1

• Neoplasm = Abnormal mass of tissue, growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues and persists after cessation of initiating stimulus
• Neoplasia is the process
• cell growth has escaped from normal regulatory processes
• Two types:
  
  • benign –> confinfed to site of origin
  • malignant –> invasion and metastases

Question 2

Define tumour

What are the two types?

Answer 2

Tumour = a swelling

inflammatory tumour = abscess

neoplasm = new growth

Question 3

Define benign neoplasm

Answer 3

Benign neoplasm → cells grow as a compact mass and remain at their site of origin

Question 4

Define malignant neoplasm

Answer 4

Malignant neoplasm → growth of cells is uncontrolled, cells can invade into surrounding tissue and spread to distant sites

Question 5

Whart are the two basic components of tumours?

Answer 5

Two basic components of tumours:

Parenchyma -> neoplastic cells, determines the biological behaviour of the neoplasm and the name of the neoplasm

Reactive stroma –> connective tissue, blood vessels, and the supporting tissue. Determines the growth and the spread of the tumour

Question 6

Define cancer

Answer 6

cancer = malignant tumour

Question 7

How do you name neoplasms?

Answer 7

• Depends on parenchymal cell differentiation towards
• prefix depending on tissue type
• benign neoplasms have the suffix oma
• malignant neoplasm have different suffixes dependent on nature of parenchymal differentiation e.g. carcinoma for epithelial neoplasma and sarcomas for connective tissue neoplasma
• Note –> benign epithelial tumours –> cells of origin microscopic pattern and macroscopic architecture

Question 8

Examples of benign connective tissue/ mesenchymal tumours?

Examples of malignant tumours of connective tissue/ mesenchymal?

Answer 8

Benign –> Fibroma, Lipoma, Chondroma, osteoma

Malignant –> Fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma

Question 9

Nomenclature:

Blood vessel tumour –> benign and malignant

lymph vessel tumour –> benign and malignant

mesothelium tumour –> benign and malignant

Brain coverings –> benign and malignant

Answer 9

• Blood vessels –>
  
  • Benign = hemangioma
  • Malignant = angiosarcoma
• Lymph vessels –>
  
  • Benign = lymphangioma
  • malignant = lymphangiosarcoma
• Mesothelium –>
  
  • benign fibrous tumor
  • mesothelioma
• brain coverings –>
  
  • meningioma
  • invasive meningioma

Question 10

Nomenclature:

Benign vs malignant:

haematopoetic cells

lymphoid tissue

Answer 10

Haematopoetic cells –> always invasive, benign does not exist.

Malignant haematopoetic cells = leukaemias

Lymphoid tissue = lymphomas

Question 11

Nomenclature:

benign vs malignant – >muscle (smooth vs striated)

Answer 11

Smooth muscle –> benign = leiomyoma

smooth muscle –> malignant = leiomyosarcoma

striated muscle –> benign= rhabdomyoma

striated muscle –> malignant = rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 12

Nomenclature: tumours of epithelial origin

Benign vs malignant

1) stratified sqaumous
2) basal cells of skin/ adnexa

Answer 12

1. benign stratified squamous = squamous cell papilloma
2. malignant stratified squamous = sqaumous cell carcinoma
3. basal cell skin/ adnexa –> ALWAYS malignant = Basal cell carcinoma

Question 13

Nomenclature: tumours of epithelial origin:

Benign vs malignant:

1) epithelial lining of glands/ ducts
2) resp passages
3) renal epithelium

Answer 13

1. Epithelial lining of glands/ ducts
   
   • –> benign = adenoma, papilloma, cystademoma
   • –> malignant = adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma
2. Respiratory passages
   
   • –> benign= bronchial adenoma
   • –> malignant = bronchogenic carcinoma
3. Renal epithelium
   
   • –> benign = renal tubula adenoma
   • –> malignant = renal cell carcinoma

Question 14

Nomenclature: tumours of epithelial origin:

Benign vs malignant:

1) Liver cells
2) urinary tract
3) placental
4) testicular epithelium
5) tumours of melanocytes

Answer 14

1. Liver cells:
   
   • benign –> hepatic adenoma
   • malignant –> hepatocellular carcinoma
2. UT:
   
   • transitional cell papilloma
   • transitional cell carcinoma
3. placental:
   
   • benign –> hyatidiform mole
   • Malignant –> choriocarcinoma
4. Testicular:
   
   • always malignant –> seminoma, embryonal carcinoma
5. Tumours of melanocytes:
   
   • benign –> nevus
   • malignant –> malignant melanoma

Question 15

Nomenclature: mixed tumours, often derived from one germ cell layer:

Benign vs malignant:

1) salivary glands
2) renal aniage

Answer 15

1. Salivary glands:
   
   • benign–> pleomorphic adenoma
   • malignant –> malignant mixed tumour of salivary gland origin
2. renal aniage
   
   • always malignant –> Wilms tumour

Question 16

Nomenclature:

Germ cell cancer:

Benign vs malignant?

Answer 16

Germ cell cancer –> totipotnetial cells in gonads or in embryonic rests

Benign -> mature teratoma, dermoid cyst

malignant –> immature teratoma, teratocarcinoma

Question 17

Nomenclature:

Neural tumours:

Benign – >nerve vs sheath

Malignant -> nerve vs sheath

Answer 17

Benign:

Nerve → neuroma

Nerve sheath → schwannoma

Malignant:

Nerve → neurofibrosarcoma

Nerve sheath → malignant peripheral NST (MPNST)