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Module 18 Ruminant Production > Neontal calf diarrhoea > Flashcards

Neontal calf diarrhoea Flashcards

1
Q

Calf diarrhoea or scours is defined as

A

the rapid movement of fluids through the intestines resulting in poor absorption of water, nutritive elements and electrolytes’

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2
Q

2 main causes of calf scours

A

VERY common
Underlying issues with management/husbandry
nutritional vs infectious

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3
Q

What is the mainstay treatment for calves with scour

A

Fluids

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4
Q

2 principles of preventing calf scours

A

BOOSTING THE CALF’S IMMUNITY AND RESISTANCE TO DISEASE
MINIMISING INFECTIOUS PRESSURE

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5
Q

How often to feed newly calved cow

A

Fed twice a day for the first 3 weeks of life as their stomach capacity is only 1.5-2 litres which means they won’t get enough feed if fed once a day from birth

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6
Q

Suggest ways to Minimising infectious pressure for a newly calved calf

A

Housing
- Dry and draught free with good drainage and ventilation systems. Partitions between calf pens should be solid
Hygiene
- Clean, dry bedding, replaced completely between seasons and refreshed during the season
Stocking density
- Calves need a minimium of 1.5m2. No more than 100 calves per shed and no more than 20 calves per pen
All in all out
- Calves should be moved around the shed as little as possible.
Location
- Calf housing at least 20metres from the milking shed

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7
Q

Pathophysiology of scour

A

Secretory
Electrolytes excreted (alter electrolyte pumps), water follows

Osmotic
Water drawn into intestinal lumen

Malabsorption
Intestinal lining damaged, can no longer absorb

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) with Ecoli
Bacterial fermentation in GI tract = D lactate = acidosis

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8
Q

Suggest bacterial causes of scour

A

Salmonella
Ecoli
Campylobacter

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9
Q

Suggest viral causes of scour

A

Rotavirus
Coronavirus

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10
Q

Suggest parasitic causes of scour

A

Coccidiosis
Cryptosporidia
Worms

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11
Q

Clinical signs of calf with ecoli

A

= young (< 5d), profuse foul smelling scour, sick calf, +/- blood, +/- pyrexia, wet mouth, distended (‘watery’) abdomen

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12
Q

Path of E.coli

A

Hypersecretion/non-absorption of fluid in distal SI. Once colonised, travels proximally
1. K99 antigen - allows binding to intestine
2. Heat stable toxin - causes Cl and bicarb secretion. Water follows by osmosis
3. Secretory (and osmotic) diarrhoea

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13
Q

Clinical signs of calf with salmonella

A

Age = Any, mainly <2 months
Signs = pyrexia, +/- blood, septicaemia, vascular necrosis, other signs in herd (e.g. adult scours or abortion), death quickly

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14
Q

Is salmonella infection reportable

A

Yes!

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15
Q

Is salmonella zoonotic

A

Yes!

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16
Q

Path of Salmonella

A

Engulfed into intestinal lymphoid cells, massive inflammatory response
Malabsorption/osmotic, endotoxin

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17
Q

Clinical signs of calf with rotavirus

A

Age = 5-21 days
White scour, dehydrated (NO BLOOD OR SEPTICAEMIA)

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18
Q

Path of rotavirus

A

Invade enterocytes, replicates then kills cell, produces enterotoxin
(Loss of surface area) and secretory

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19
Q

Cause of death from rotavirus and coronavirus

A

Dehydration

20
Q

Clinical signs of calf with cryptosporidium

A

Age = 1week – 3 months
Signs = less severe systemic signs, dehydrated
(NO BLOOD OR SEPTICAEMIA)

21
Q

Path of cryptosporidium

A

Invagination of luminal membrane (intracellular but outside cytoplasm), villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, increased cell permeability, apoptosis
Malabsorption/osmotic

22
Q

Clinical signs of calf with coccidiosis

A

Age = 3 weeks to 3 months, Adult immunity
Older, Black/bloody scour, abdominal pain, tenesmus

23
Q

Path of coccidiosis

A

Rupture of enterocytes, Malabsorption/osmotic

24
Q

Outline Pathogen Testing of sick cows

A

Clinical clues might help in 1st instance
Faecal sample
- Culture (bacteria)
-Virology (corona/rota)
- Parasitology (Cocci and crypto)
Calf side tests (ELISA)
PM
Histopath – need to be quick (30mins death to formalin)

25
Q

Consequences of scouring

A

Dehydration/hypovolaemia
Azotemia (Reduced renal perfusion)
Electrolyte loses (Na, Cl)
Acidosis (D-lactate* from SIBO, L-lactate from hypoxia and Bicarb lost)
Hyperkalaemia (Hydrogen exchanged for potassium)
= Cardiac arrhythmia = Death

26
Q

How do we measure dehydration?

A

Eyeball sunkeness
How quickly the skin returns to normal after ‘tenting’
Mucous membrane moisture
Demeanour

27
Q

What percentage of dehydration is considered fatal

A

12-14% dehydration is considered fatal

28
Q

How does metabolic acidosis present in the calf?

A

Progressive depression
Decreased suckle reflex
Weakness and incoordination
Inability to stand or sit up
Coma
Finally….death

29
Q

4 criteria for measuring acidosis

A
  1. Suckle reflex
  2. Ability to stand
  3. Respiration (Normal-Increased)
  4. Palpebral reflex
30
Q

What treatment is appropriate for a calf that is Able to stand, < 7% dehydrated, No acidosis signs

A

ORAL FLUIDS

31
Q

What treatment is appropriate for a calf that is Recumbent, 7-9% dehydrated, slight acidosis

A

IVFT

32
Q

What treatment is appropriate for a calf that is Recumbent, > 9% dehydrated, moderate to severe acidosis

A

IVFT and BICARB

33
Q

How much fluid? – 50kg calf, 10% dehydrated

A

10% x 50kg = 5 litres for deficit
50ml x 50kg = 2.5 litres for 24 hours maintenance
?2l for on-going losses
TOTAL VOLUME = 9.5 litres/day

34
Q

Why Don’t add Bicarb spike to fluid containing Calcium i.e. hartmans/ringers

A

Precipitation

35
Q

What is the General rule to administering bicarb

A

> 7 days old that failed to respond to fluids only and that have clear signs of acidosis

36
Q

Fluid rate

A

Initially 80ml/kg/hour or half volume in 1st hour
(DO ADMIN BICARB AT 80ML/KG/HOUR)
Then 30-50ml/kg/hour

37
Q

Do I correct dehydration first then acidosis, or simultaneously

A

Assess acidosis and fluid deficit separately and independently
Recommend correct dehydration first and then correct acidosis.

38
Q

Contraindications to administering sodium bicarbonate and reason

A

Calves with severe respiratory disease
Additional CO2 generated may exacerbate hypercapnia (increase in CO2 in blood) and respiratory acidosis and decrease cerebrospinal fluid pH.

39
Q

Which vein to give IV fluid in calf

A

Jugular

40
Q

4 princples of oral fluid therapy

A
  1. Replacement of fluid to the circulating plasma volume and interstitium
  2. Provision of alkalinising agents to improve the buffering capacity of the blood.
  3. Increasing the strong ion difference by replacing lost sodium and potassium
  4. Maintaining blood glucose levels
41
Q

Why Mixing electrolyte products with milk is not recommended

A

Scouring calves need fluid replacement and separating the electrolytes and milk feeds allows faster rehydration
Feeding oral electrolytes and milk together may interfere with casein coagulation in the abomasum
Two feeds should be separated by at least 1.5 hours

42
Q

Indications to give antimicrobials

A

Systemic signs (pyrexia, decreased app, lethargy- Ecoli)
Blood/mucosa present
Suspect Salmonella or Ecoli

43
Q

What kind of analgesia to provide scouring calves

A

NSAIDS
Analgesic/anti-inflammatory/anti-endotoxic agents
Meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg) – only one licenced
Only if correct dehydration

44
Q

Other treatments- Cryptosporidium

A

Halofuginone (Halocur)
SID for 7 days, orally
not empty stomach
admin in oral fluids

45
Q

Other treatments- Coccidiosis

A

Decoquinate (Decoxx)
Diclazuril (Vecoxan) tx and px lambs, aid control calves
Toltrazuril (Baycox) px clinical signs, reduced shedding
Sulphonamides

46
Q

Vaccination of dams can help in what diseases

A

Rotavirus and Coronavirus

Module 18 Ruminant Production (20 decks)

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