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Paediatrics > Neonatology > Flashcards

Neonatology Flashcards

1
Q

When does the CVS begin to develop?

A

The end of the third week of gestation

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2
Q

When does the heart begin to beat ?

A

Fourth week of gestation

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3
Q

When is the critical development of heart development?

A

Day 20-50 after fertilisation

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4
Q

What provides oxygenated blood to a fetus?

A

Umbilical vein

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5
Q

How does blood get to the aorta in a fetus?

A

Foramen ovale –> left atrium –> left ventricle –> aorta

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6
Q

Where foes blood travel to from the right ventricle?

A

Pulmonary artery to the patent ductus arteriosus to aorta

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7
Q

What is the function of the ductus arteriosus?

A

Protects lungs against circulatory overload

Allows RV to strengthen

Carries low oxygen saturated blood

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8
Q

What is the function of the ductus venosus?

A

Foetal blood vessel connecting the umbilical vein to the IVC

Blood flow is regulated by a sphincter and carries mostly oxygenated blood

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9
Q

What is the normal RR for a neonate?

A

30-60 resps/min

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10
Q

What is the normal HR for a neonate ?

A

120-160 bpm

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11
Q

What is the normal blood pressure for a 1 hour old baby?

A

70/44

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12
Q

What is the blood pressure for a one day old?

A

~70/42

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13
Q

What is the blood pressure for a three day old baby?

A

~77/49

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14
Q

What kind of fat insulates babies?

A

Brown fat

- cold fat leads to lipolysis and heat production

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15
Q

Define radiation?

A

Heat dissipated to colder objects

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16
Q

Define convection?

A

Heat loss by moving air

17
Q

Define conduction?

A

Heat loss to surface on which baby lies

18
Q

What is physiological jaundice?

A

Jaundice that appears on day of life and dissapears within 7-10 days in term infants/21 days in premature infants

Can be prolonged till 30 days if baby is experiencing breast fed jaundice

19
Q

How can jaundice be treated?

A

Biliblanket

Phototherapy

20
Q

What are Milia?

A

white papules on nose caused by hyerplastic sebaceous glands

21
Q

What are miliaria?

A

Immature sweat glands

22
Q

What are the causes of jaundice in children?

A

24 hours old = Haemolytic anaemia, TORCH

2nd day - 3rd week

  • physiological
  • breast milk
  • sepsis
  • polycythaemia
  • cephalhaematoma
  • craiger-najar syndrome
  • haemolytic disorders

3rd week onwards

  • breast milk
  • hypothyroidism
  • pyloric stenosis
  • cholestasis
23
Q

What are the symptoms of hypoglycaemia in neonates?

A

Jitteriness, hypothermia, temperature instability, lethargy, hypotonia, apnoea, poor suck, vomiting, high pitched or weak cry, seizures

24
Q

Define hypoglycaemia?

A

Blood sugar <2.6mmol/l

25
Q

How is heat lost ?

A

Conduction
Convection
Evaporation
Radiation

26
Q

How does one resuscitate baby under cold stress?

A 
Dry quickly
Remove wet linnens
Use warm towels/blankets
Provide radiant warmer heat
Use heated/humidified oxygen
27
Q

Tongue Ties are characterised by

?

A

Short +/- thickened frenulum

Attached anteriorly to base of tongue

28
Q

What areas are assessed for retractions if baby is admitted to NNU?

A

Substernal
Subcostal
Intercostal
Supreasternal

29
Q

What are the main symptoms of airway obstruction?

A

Stridor and retractions

30
Q

What are the causes of airway obstruciton?

A

Laryngomalacia - worse at 2-4 months, gets better without treatment
Tracheomalacia - improves by 2 years old
Bronchomalacia - need CPAP +/- tracheostomy

31
Q

What should be considered immediately if cyanosis is present?

A

SEPSIS

32
Q

What may spinal dimples indicate?

A

Spina bifida

Kidney problems

33
Q

When should spinal dimples be investigated?

A

If dimple is

  • Large
  • Red
  • Swollen
  • Pigmented
  • Tender
  • accompanied by fluid

Paediatrics (11 decks)

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