Neonates - Pathology Flashcards
How do we refer to a foetus with IUGR once it’s born?
Small for Gestational Age (SGA)
How small is SGA?
<2500g (<10th centile)
What are the types of SGA?
Symmetric (affecting all growth parameters, usually starts early)
Assymetric (Typically effecting weight/height but no head size)
List 6 things that can cause a baby to be SGA?
- Smoking
- Pre-eclamptic Toxaemia
- Chromosomal e.g. Edward’s
- Infection e.g. CMV
Placental Abruption
Twins
What problems can arise from being SGA?
- Perinatal hypoxia
- Hypoglycaemia
- Hypothermia
- Thrombocytopenia
- Polycythaemia –> Thick blood & jaundice
- Acidosis
- GI problems
Long term HTN, obesity, IHD & reduced growth
Define the tiers of pre-term?
Pre-term < 37wks
Extremely <28wks
Define the tiers of low Birth weight?
<2500g = low
<1500g = very low
<1000g = Extremely Low
List 8 complications ass with being born preterm?
REsp Distress Syndrome (RDS)
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)
Minor rest problems e.g. apnoea
Intraventricular Haemorrhage (IVH)
Post-haemorrhagic Hydrocephalus (PHH)
Periventricular Leucomalacia (PVL)
Necrotising Entero-colitis (NEC)
PDA
What can we do to prevent RDS from developing and how do we treat it post-delivery?
Antenatal Steroids to speed surfactant development
Treat early with surfactant, early extubation and N-CPAP
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia is a scarring of the lungs, what causes it?
Long term O2 & CPAP –> Inflammation & infection
Typically as treatment for RDS
How do we manage BPD?
O2 & Ventilation
Nutrition
Steroids to kill inflammation
What treatments are available for minor resp problems after birth?
Caffeine
N-CPAP
How can we grade an IVH?
Grade 1-4 following US through fontanelle
How can we prevent and treat IVH?
Antenatal Steroids
Symptomatic treatment and drain the blood
What are the consequences of a PDA?`
- Overperfusion of lungs –> Pulm Oedema
- Systemic Underperfusion
–> Fluid retention (renal underperfusion)
–> GI problems e.g. NEC
