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Ag Animal Test 3 > Neonatal Losses and Acute Undifferentiated Diarrhea > Flashcards

Neonatal Losses and Acute Undifferentiated Diarrhea Flashcards

1
Q

What % of beef calf crop is lost between pregnancy diagnosis and weaning?

A
  • ~10%

- Up to 25% of calves in some herds

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2
Q

Top causes of calf mortality

A
  • Dystocia
  • Stillbirths
  • Hypothermia
  • Diarrhea***
  • Respiratory disease
  • All of these combined account for >60% of claf deaths
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3
Q

What are the four main mechanisms of diarrhea?

A
  • Osmotic
  • Inflammatory
  • Secretory
  • Decreased absorption
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4
Q

Osmotic causes of diarrhea

A
  • Rotavirus, coronavirus (destroys crypts and tips), Breda virus, etc.
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5
Q

Inflammatory causes of diarrhea

A
  • Salmonella, Clostridia, parasites
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6
Q

Secretory causes of diarrhea

A
  • enteric viruses, E. coli, Salmonella
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7
Q

Decreased absorption causes of idarrhea

A
  • Protozoa, parasites, entericc viruses
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8
Q

Why is a lot of calf diarrhea “undifferentiated” diarrhea?

A
  • Large number of pathogens and risk factors

- Etiologic diagnosis is NOT essential to successful Rx

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9
Q

Which etiologies can cause calf diarrhea in the first few days of life?

A
  • E. coli (first couple of days)

- +/- Campylobacter

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10
Q

Which etiologies can cause diarrhea in the first couple of weeks?

A
  • Cryptosporidiosis (5-35 days)*
  • Clostridial (5-10 days)
  • Salmonella (2-6 weeks)
  • Rotavirus*
  • Coronavirus*
  • +/- Campylobacter
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11
Q

Which agents can cause diarrhea after 3 weeks?

A
  • Coccidiosis (PPP is 18-21 days)
  • Coronavirus
  • Salmonella
  • Cryptosporidiosis up to about a month
  • CLostridial
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12
Q

PPP of Coccidiosis

A
  • 18-21 days

- Can’t be in a calf that is a week of age

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13
Q

What is the major cause of diarrhea in calves <4 days

A
  • E coli
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14
Q

E coli etiologies

A
  • Hundreds of types (groups)

- Grouped based on virulence factors, pathogenic capabilities, and resultant clinical disease

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15
Q

What is the primary group of E. coli that impacts calves?

A
  • Enterotoxigenic (ETC)
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16
Q

EHEC

A
  • Enterohemorrhagic

- Attaching and effacing plus shiga-like toxin

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17
Q

EPEC

A
  • Enteropathogenic

- Attaching and effacing (AEEC)

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18
Q

IEC

A
  • Invasive E coli
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19
Q

Are all forms of E coli pathogenic to all species?

A
  • NOPE
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20
Q

What are the primary virulence factors of E. coli?

A
  • Fimbrial antigens (K99, F41)

- Shigatoxin a

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21
Q

Role of the fimbrial antigens?

A
  • Attachment –> colonization and multiplication
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22
Q

Role of shigatoxin a

A
  • Secretory diarrhea
  • Increase bicarbonate and Cl secretion
  • Decrease sodium resorption
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23
Q

On which operations do we tend to see salmonella as a problem?

A
  • Primarily intensive operations

- Dairy > beef

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24
Q

Serotypes of Salmonella

A
  • There are a lot
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25
Q

Who gets Salmonella?

A
  • Neonate (4-28 days) to adults
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26
Q

Different manifestations of Salmonella

A
  • Diarrhea vs septicemia
  • Peracute to chronic
  • Found dead –> fever/anorexia/dull –> diarrhea
  • Profuse watery –> mucofibrinous/hemorrhagic
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27
Q

What are the three main types of Salmonella enterica

A
  • S. Typhimurium
  • S. Dublin
  • S. Newport
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28
Q

S. Typhimurium - who gets?

A
  • Calves <2 months

- Also one of the more common ones isolated in people

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29
Q

What is the multi-drug resistant form of S. typhimurium called?

A
  • S. newport
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30
Q

S. dublin - who gets?

A
  • ALL AGES
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31
Q

S. dublin characteristics of disease

A
  • More invasive
  • Meningitis/arthritis/physitis
  • Respiratory disease, gangrene of distal limbs
  • Chronic carriers**
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32
Q

Mechanisms of diarrhea with Salmonella

A
  • Inflammation (hemorrhage, fibrin)
  • Maldigestion/malabsorption
  • Protein loss
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33
Q

Infection routes with Salmonella

A
  • MANY
  • Ocular
  • Nasal
  • Oral
  • Udder
  • Rectal
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34
Q

Excretion routes with Salmoneall

A
  • FECES**
  • Milk
  • Urine
  • Nasal and saliva
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35
Q

What are the primary neonatal GIT viruses?

A
  • Rotavirus
  • Coronavirus
  • Torovirus
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36
Q

What other GIT viruses can cause problems?

A
  • BVD
  • Calicivirus
  • Parvovirus
  • Astrovirus
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37
Q

Where is rotavirus found?

A
  • Ubiquitous

- 50-100% of farms and ranches

38
Q

Stability of rotavirus

A
  • Stable except in freezing temperatures
39
Q

Ages of animals that tend to get rotavirus

A
  • Calves <3 weeks, peak at 6 days
40
Q

Incubation period of rotavirus

A
  • 24 hours
41
Q

What other diseases are common with Rotavirus?

A
  • Concurrent E. coli and Cryptosporidia common
42
Q

What part of the GIT does rotavirus affect?

  • Implications for mechanism of diarrhea
A
  • Affects mature, villous enterocytes (spares crypts)
  • Villi don’t absorb, crypts continue secretion
  • Malabsorption/maldigestion
43
Q

Special protein with rotavirus

A
  • NSP4 (nonstructural glycoprotein 4 enterotoxin)
44
Q

What does NSP4 do?

A
  • Decreases carbohydrate digestion

- Inhibits Na-Glucose co-transporters (facilitating water absorption)

45
Q

Rotavirus treatment

A

Non-specific support

  • Rehydrate to restore low osmolality + Na and glucose
46
Q

How to prevent rotavirus?

A
  • MANAGEMENT IS THE CURE!
47
Q

Aspects of management that are important with rotavirus

A
  • Housing, hygiene, colostrum, cow vaccines
48
Q

Where is coronavirus?

A
  • Ubiquitous (50-100%)
49
Q

Stability of coronavirus

A
  • Also stable except in freezing temperratures
50
Q

Route of transmission of coronavirus

A
  • Oral OR respiratory infection
51
Q

Who gets coronaviral diarrhea?

A
  • Calves <3 weeks, peak at 7-10 days

- Incubation 48 hours

52
Q

What parts of the GIT does coronavirus impact?

  • Implications for mechanisms of diarrhea
A
  • Villous AND crypt enterocytes
  • Malabsorption/maldigestion diarrhea
  • Longer duration - more tissues affected
53
Q

Treatment of coronavirus

A
  • Non-specific support

- Rehydrate - low osmolarity, Na and glucose

54
Q

Prevention of coronavirus

A
  • management (housing, hygiene, colostrum, cow vaccines)
55
Q

Torovirus family

A
  • Coronaviridae
56
Q

Distribution of Torovirus

A
  • WOrld-wide distribution

- 90% of cattle are exposed

57
Q

Age of calves impacted by torovirus

A
  • <30 days but range 2 days to 7 months
58
Q

Where in the GIT does torovirus impact?

  • Consequence for diarrhea
A
  • Distal jejunum, ileum, colon
  • Crypt and villi necrosis
  • Villous atrophy
  • Malabsorptive diarrhea
59
Q

Other causes of neonatal diarrhea

A
  • Cryptosporidia
  • Giardia
  • Clostridia
  • Coccidia
60
Q

Cryptosporidia - % in beef and dairy calves?

A
  • 100% in dairy

- 5% in beef

61
Q

Where are cryptosporidia oocysts?

A
  • In the environment
62
Q

Time frame of cryptosporidia

A
  • Clinical in 3-5 days, shedding in 3 days lasts 4-17 days
63
Q

Type of diarrhea with cryptosporidia?

A
  • Severe villous atrophy –> malabsorption
64
Q

Treatment of Cryptosporidia

A
  • Equivocal or cost prohibitive

- Colostrum?

65
Q

Vaccines for crypto?

A
  • None validated
66
Q

Age of animals with cryptosporidia?

A
  • Usually 5-15 days old
67
Q

Cryptosporidia sequela

A
  • Usually self-limiting
68
Q

Passive immunity against cryptosporidium

A
  • Passive immunity does NOT protect against infection but DOES lessen disease
69
Q

Is cryptosporidium zoonotic?

A
  • Yes
70
Q

Distribution of Giardia

A
  • World-wide distribution
71
Q

Significance of Giardia

A
  • Cattle not as significant a source to humans as once believed
  • Significance as cattle pathogen unclear, as it’s found in both normal and diarrheic calves
72
Q

Which types of C. perfringens are most common in calves?

A
  • Type C
  • Type B and D occasionally
  • Type A?
73
Q

Age of most animals with C. perfringens

A
  • Most cases under 2 weeks up to 3 months
74
Q

What can lead to C. perfringens disease in older calves?

A
  • High grain diet

- Change in diet

75
Q

Age of animals with coccidiosis

A
  • Calves >17-21 days old
76
Q

What is the underlying cause of coccidiosis?

A
  • MANAGEMENT
77
Q

Appearance of animals with coccidiosis

A
  • Blood tinged diarrhea

- Ill thrift and poor doers

78
Q

3 Principals of prevention of acute undifferentiated diarrhea in calves

A
  1. Control the level of infection in the calf’s environment
  2. Increase calf non-specific resistance
  3. Increase calf specific immunity

REDUCE STRESS

79
Q

How quickly can dirt become contaminated with disease?

A

< 2 weeks

80
Q

How to control the environment in the calving pasture to prevent AUD?

A
  • Minimize congregation

- Feed to promote dispersal (feed hay/grain distant from water; move bunks/bale feeders periodically; fall calving)

81
Q

Which season of calving can promote dispersal?

A
  • Fall calving
82
Q

How to control the environment in the nursery pasture to prevent AUD?

A
  • Identify stocking rates

- Have a quarantine pasture (Scours pasture) until branding

83
Q

What aIn the nursery pasture, what’s the widest range that should be kept together?

A

<30 days between oldest and youngest calves

84
Q

How to increase non-specific resistance?

A
  • Assist birth if necessary to minimize stress
  • Feed colostrum if no suckling within 2 hours
  • Watch for mis-mothering
  • Encourage bonding ASAP
  • Monitor dystocia calves
85
Q

How to increase specific immunity in calves?

A
  • variable immunity to certain agents
  • Previous exposure of the dam
  • vaccination (don’t over-emphasize)
86
Q

How important is vaccination for prevention of AUD?

A
  • It’s relatively important, but don’t over-emphasize

- You can’t just vaccinate your way out of poor management

87
Q

Vaccination for enteropathogens

A
  • No vaccines are all-encompassing

- No vaccine will make up for inadequate management

88
Q

How to reduce stress of cattle?

A
  • Be thoughtful during inclement weather
  • Poor ground surface conditions
  • Crowding
89
Q

Sandhills calving system

A
  • Utilizes a series of calving pastures to minimize newborn calves’ contact with disease agents
  • SCS recreates conditions of first week of calving during each of the remaining weeks of calving
  • Clean calving area without older calves that may be shedding pathogens
  • Create 8, 1 weeks seasons rather than one, eight-week season
90
Q

Description of Sandhills Calving System

A
  • Cows are turned into the first calving pasture as soon as the first calves are born, and calving continues for one to two weeks
  • After 1-2 weeks calving in Pasture 2, cows not yet calved move to pasture 3
  • Cow calf pairs born in pasture 2 remain in pasture 2
  • With each subsequent 1-2 weeks, cows not yet calved are moved to an ew pasture
  • Pairs remain in their pasture of birth

Ag Animal Test 3 (7 decks)

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