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Ag Animal Test 3 > Adaptation to Extrauterine life > Flashcards

Adaptation to Extrauterine life Flashcards

1
Q

What affects neonates?

A
  • Proper development
  • Successful birth
  • Successful adaptation
  • Passive transfer
  • Nutrition
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2
Q

What is a neonate age wise?

A
  • Newborn within the first 30 days of lief
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3
Q

What are three elements that determine disease or not?

A
  • Host
  • Environment
  • Agent
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4
Q

When in gestation do organs form?

A
  • First months of gestation
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5
Q

When in gestation do organs develop?

A
  • First half of gestation
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6
Q

When in gestation do organs grow and mature?

A
  • Last trimester
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7
Q

What is the purpose of the fetal membranes fluids?

A
  • Transfer oxygen and nutrients
  • Eliminate waste
  • Protect the fetus
  • No immunoglobulin transfer
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8
Q

What type of placentation do ruminants have?

A
  • Epitheliochorial
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9
Q

What types of stress happen during birth?

A
  • Physical
  • Temperature
  • Light
  • Sounds
  • Oxygen deprivation
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10
Q

What are the two hormones that increase during stress/right after parturition?

A
  • Epinephrine and cortisol
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11
Q

What can happen as a consequence of high epinephrine and cortisol in a sick neonate?

A
  • They can mask conditions right after birth
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12
Q

When do crashes occur?

A
  • Hours after birth often
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13
Q

How much time for respiratory system to be functional?

A
  • Respiratory
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14
Q

How much time needed for immune system to be functional?

A
  • Weeks to months

- It’s technically competent but naive

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15
Q

What are things that can vary in the neonate that will change how well it adapts to extrauterine life?

A
  • Vigor
  • Strength
  • Stress of birth
  • Maternal support
  • Environment
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16
Q

What critical changes happen in the fetus as it transitions to neonate?

A
  • Circulatory changes
  • Pulmonary
  • Acid-base
  • Energy metabolism
  • Temperature regulation
  • Passive transfer
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17
Q

How does circulation change at birth?

A
  • Pulmonary resistance increases, which closes the ductus arteriosus (Ductus arteriosus had been shunting blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta)
  • Foramen ovale connects the right and left atrium
  • Ductus venosus bypasses the liver to go from portal circulation to the caudal vena cava
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18
Q

Describe the process of the lungs opening and closure of the ductus arteriosus in the neonate

A
  • Umbilicus separates leading to anoxia
  • Reflex gasping leaves the lungs aerated (most lung fluid is absorbed and surfactant keeps the lungs open)
  • Decreased pulmonary vascular resistance (ductus arteriosus closes)
  • Alveolar ventilation increases
  • Ductus arteriosus closes in response to increased oxygen saturation ~5 minutes after birth
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19
Q

Describe closure of the foramen ovale in the neonate

  • How quickly does it happen?
A
  • Increased venous return to LA increases left atrial pressure and reverses the right to left shunt
  • This occurs in about 10-20 minutes
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20
Q

What does relative prepartum hypoxia do to the ductus arteriosus?

A
  • Dilation
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21
Q

Ductus venosus closure?

A
  • Moot, nothing goes through it

- I guess it’s not that important

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22
Q

What happens to chest cavity at birth, and what is the significance?

A
  • Chest cavity is compressed
  • Lung fluids are partially expelled
  • Recoil of chest leads to inspiration of air
  • Diaphragm contractions further inflate the lungs
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23
Q

What causes initiation of breathing in the neonate?

A
  • Loss of the immersion reflex, which inhibits breathing in the womb
  • Breathing centers are stimulated (cold, light, touch, and limb movement)
  • O2, Co2, and pH receptors are maximally stimulated
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24
Q

What can lead to respiratory distress? And what metabolic change will occur secondary to this?

A
  • Early separation of placenta
  • Prolonged labor
  • Compression of umbilicus
  • Maternal hyperventilation
  • Cesearean section/malpresentation
  • drugs (ideally under local)
  • Immaturity

ALL of these lead to anaerobic metabolism –> lactic acid

25
Q

How will the fetus present if there is in utero hypoxia?

A
  • +/- hyperactive fetus!

- YOU NEED TO GET THEM OUT RIGHT AWAY

26
Q

How can we help stimulate breathing in fetuses?

A
  • Remove fetal membranes
  • Clear airways fluids (suction)
  • Stimulate (massage, move legs, nose, needle in the philtrum)
  • Artifical respiration
  • Remember lung capacity
  • Nasal or endotracheal oxygen
  • Keep sternal
27
Q

What should you not do to stimulate breathing in fetuses?

A
  • Spin through the air
  • Swing
  • Hang on fences
28
Q

What does hypothermia indicate in neonates?

A
  • Inappropriate adaptation
  • All neonates lose body heat initially
  • Heat production maximum 3 hours after birth
29
Q

Environment factors that can impact thermoregulation

A
  • Temperature
  • Moisture
  • Wind (the worst)
30
Q

Species differences that can alter thermoregulation

A
  • Body mass/surface area

- Brown fat (burn through it in 6-12 hours)

31
Q

What is the critical temperature for a calf, and what does that mean?

A

55°F

  • Temperature below which any animal has to increase caloric intake to maintain temperature
32
Q

Other miscellaneous factors that can impact thermoregulation

A
  • maternal behavior and energy/activity
33
Q

How quickly is brown fat used to help with heat production?

A

1-5 days

34
Q

What is the major form of heat production in neonates?

A
  • Shivering!
  • requires energy to continue (liver and other glycogen stores utilized within 4-6 hours)
  • Colostrum and milk also
35
Q

What should you check for on PE if you suspect hypothermia?

A
  • Body temp (low)
  • Suckle reflex (usually absent)
  • Shivering (usually absent)
36
Q

Causes of hypothermia in calves

A
  • Environment (temp, wind, wetness)
  • Low energy (hypoglycemia, agroceryosis)
  • Disease (metabolic demands can tribute; if shocky they can’t absorb nutrition very well)
37
Q

How to treat hypothermia?

A
  • Dry the neonate
  • Hot water bath
  • Warm air
  • Provide warm oral fluids
  • Blankets, straw, etc.
38
Q

For how long can the small intestine absorb large sized particles in the neonate?

A
  • For the first 24 hours, the small intestine can absorb large sized particles
39
Q

How long are neonates considered monogastrics?

A
  • 2-4 weeks
40
Q

What happens to metabolic demands in stressed, sick, or debilitated neonates?

A
  • High metabolic demands

- Must provide adequate (extra) nutrition

41
Q

When are the kidneys functionally mature?

A
  • At birth
42
Q

What is normal urine concentration in the neonate?

A
  • Dilute urine from the milk diet

- Highly concentrated urine may indicate dehydration (rather than renal failure)

43
Q

When does the nervous system mature?

A
  • Rapidly near and after birth
44
Q

What is the nervous system prone to?

A
  • Trauma and asphyxia
45
Q

What “abnormal” neuro exam findings are actually normal in the neonate?

A
  • Lack menace

- Hypermetric

46
Q

Skeletal system at birth

A
  • Ossified at birth
47
Q

How long can growth plates take to close?

A
  • Several months to years
48
Q

What can arise from trauma at birth?

A
  • Metabolic and infectious problems
49
Q

Rib trauma sequela

A
  • Tracheal/esophageal problems later
50
Q

Leg trauma sequela

A
  • Unable to get up and nurse
51
Q

When is immune system development complete?

A
  • Mid-gestation
52
Q

Is the immune system functional at birth?

A
  • Yes, it’s just naive

Matures with time and exposure to antigens

53
Q

What factors affect a successful birth?

A
  • Health of the dam
  • Size of the neonate and the dam
  • Presentation and posture (head first, rear first)
  • Assistance
54
Q

Clinical findings that suggest dystocia

A
  • Meconium staining
  • Difficulty maintaining temperature (waxing and waning)
  • Erratic blood glucose
  • Nervous system problems
  • Hypoxia - neonatal maladjustment AKA dummy
  • Facial edema (nursing difficulty)
55
Q

What do you have to worry about with a calf with dystocia?

A
  • Increased risk of disease later in life due to metabolic and organ system derangements
56
Q

When do you see disease conditions that were present during gestation or birth arise?

A
  • First days of life

- Some are inapparent and hamper extra-uterine adaptation (e.g. sepsis, congenital defects, etc.)

57
Q

Early signs of disease in neonates

A
  • Does not stand and nurse within 2 hours
  • disinterest in dam or by the dam
  • Lack suckle
  • Lacks curiosity
  • Lacks vigor
  • Often subtle and nonspecific
58
Q

What is the veterinarian’s role with neonates?

A
  • Realize that there can be subtle or no physical examination abnormalities
  • May need diagnostic tests (CBC/Chem/BG/Blood cultures/FPT/US)
  • Survival chances increase if treatments are initiated early and aggressively
  • Wait and See approach is NOT ADVISABLE
59
Q

What should we do if the owner suspects problems?

A
  • Listen to them
  • Monitor them carefully
  • Keep warm and nourished
  • Prep owners and provide instructions
  • Call sooner rather than later

Ag Animal Test 3 (7 decks)

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