Neoanalytic Approaches Flashcards
What is the rationale behind psychoanalytic therapy?
Extract issues from id → rational ego can deal with them
Once conflict is resolved → person returns to good health
What are three problems with psychoanalytic approaches/therapy that neoanalytic perspectives sought to address?
We’re not just rational people – we must also deal with stuff emotionally
Our goals and hopes influence how we behave and process our challenges.
Sexual energy isn’t the only motivation for behaviour
What are three changes neoanalytic approaches made to Freud’s theories?
Less emphasis on sex
More emphasis on interpersonal relationships
Less emphasis on unconscious factors in motivation
How does Jung’s analytic psychology differ from psychoanalytic theory?
Less sexually focused
More historically oriented
More spiritual/supernatural basis
What are the three major components of the self according to Jung’s analytic psychology?
The conscious ego
The personal unconscious
The collective unconscious
Conscious part of personality, sense of self (Jung)
The conscious ego
Currently unimportant thoughts and actively repressed info; Irrelevant information (Jung)
The personal unconscious
‘Human-kind’ memory of repeating stories that shape how we see the world (Jung)
The collective unconscious
With respect to the collective unconscious, what did Jung propose a healthy person would do?
Bring these “universal” stories/archetypes into the conscious
What were two key archetypes (Jung) discussed in class?
Animus/Anima
Persona and shadow
Idealized male/female concept (Jung)
Animus/anima
According to Jung, what do the persona and shadow represent?
Outward appearance vs. true inner self
Shameful aspects of personality, can foster socially unacceptable behaviour (Jung)
Shadow
With respect to the persona and shadow, what would Jung consider to be problematic?
If you identify more with social mask (persona) than with true self
What were Jung’s four ways of thinking and what do each of them inform us about?
Sensing: What is actually present
Rational thinking: Recognize meaning
Feeling: Something’s value
Intuition: Possibilities as to origins/directions
Connect the four ways of thinking to personality
Jung suggested we tend towards one way of thinking; Part of personality
What more modern test draws on Jung’s ideas?
Myers-Briggs
How did Adler’s analytic psychology differ from psychoanalytic theory?
More focused on the origin of motivation within individuals
Considered motivations more complex than sex/pleasure
Gave more consideration to the effect of social conditions
The desire we each have to relate positively and productively with other people (Adler)
Social interest
Proposes that we all feel inferior to others and have to compensate for this perception (Adler)
Inferiority complex
What should happen to feelings of inferiority as we age (Adler)?
Develop out of these feelings and emphasize other functions/strengths
Overcompensation or exaggeration seen to be stemming from insecurity/inferiority complex (Adler)
Masculine protest
What did Adler propose with respect to birth order?
First borns: Move from only child to sharing; Strive to regain status
Middle borns: Born into rivalry and competition
Last borns: Coddled; Many (sibling) role models to live up to
What does modern evidence suggest concerning the influence of birth order on motivation (specifically, risk taking)?
No birth-order effects on risk-taking
What could be described as the main idea of neoanalytic theories?
Impact of others, social context
How did Karen Horney reframe Freud’s conceptualization of penis envy?
Suggested that penis envy is actually envy of the autonomy and power men held in society; Differs from Freud’s more physiological ideas
“A feeling of being insignificant, small, helpless, deserted, endangered in a world that is out to cheat, abuse, attack, humiliate, betray, and envy” (Horney, 1937)
Basic anxiety
What new idea did Horney contribute relative to psychoanalysis?
Unconscious processes that develop in childhood arise from family and social conflicts, not internal ones
What type of parenting would Horney have emphasized the importance of?
Warm, supportive
What are two key differences between Horney’s perspective and Freud/Jung’s?
Conflict isn’t built in;
It results from culturally and socially negative experiences during childhood
Many people will not experience conflict
What are the three aspects of the self (Horney)?
Real self, despised self, ideal self
Which type of self would a healthy person have as their “inner core” of personality (Horney)?
Real self
Which types of selves might a neurotic person hold central to their personality (Horney)?
Despised self: feelings of inferiority and shortcomings
Ideal self: what one hopes to become
What are the three ways of relating (Horney)?
Moving toward people (wanting affection)
Moving against people (fighting)
Moving away from people (withdrawing)
What would a healthy adult vs a neurotic adult do with respect to the three ways of relating (Horney)?
A healthy adult will use each of these three approaches depending on what’s most appropriate for the situation
A neurotic adult would lean heavily towards one way of relating
Describe the characteristics and childhood of a neurotic adult who favours the “moving toward” way of relating as well as which self they most identify with.
Over-identify with the despised self
Characteristics: dependent, insecure, helpless, self-effacing, passive, submissive, fearing success, craving protection.
Childhood: had to be subordinate in order to gain affection
Describe the characteristics and childhood of a neurotic adult who favours the “moving against” way of relating as well as which self they most identify with.
Over-identify with the ideal self
Characteristics: aggressive, ambitious, hostile, angry, distrustful of others, demanding, arrogant
Childhood: gave up hope of getting affection from parents, parents were neglectful and overly critical
Describe the characteristics and childhood of a neurotic adult who favours the “moving away” way of relating as well as which self they most identify with.
Want to overcome the despised self but have no hope of achieving the ideal
Characteristics: detached, stoic, resigned, hypersensitive to attempts to influence or control them
Childhood: little respect or opportunity for individuality, egocentric and moody parents
List the ten neurotic needs according to which way of relating they correspond to (Horney)
Moving toward:
- Affection and approval
- A domineering partner
Moving against:
- Power
- Exploitation
- Recognition and prestige
- Admiration
- Ambition and achievement
Moving away:
- Self-sufficiency
- Perfection
- Narrow limits to life
How do children accomplish self-realization (Horney)?
Must learn to balance the three ways of relating
Children who experience — may become dependent on one particular way of relating
Higher basic anxiety
How did Erik Erikson’s developmental theory differ from its predecessors?
Adulthood as a continuing time of change instead of just a culmination of early experiences
Identity formation is a lifelong process
Briefly describe Erikson’s developmental theory
Proposed eight stages, each with its own crisis
Different influences, issues, and questions at each stage
Successful completion of a stage requires a balance of having needs met but not oversupplying them; Issues arise when one leans too extremely to one side or the other
What do modern approaches suggest with respect to ego theories?
Identity may be…
- An internal, personal experience
- A socially constructed experience
Can be motivated by different things for different people; Can be helpful to consider both perspectives (internal and social)
Instead of developing overarching theories of behaviour, what do modern approaches to ego theories do?
Consider characteristics in smaller contexts
Compare what is reflected by a high self-monitoring score and a low self-monitoring score
High score:
- Engages in self-presentation
- Situational orientation
Low score:
- Does not care about self-presentation
- Dispositional orientation
True or False: Neoanalytic perspective are more pessimistic than psychoanalytic theory
False: More optimistic
