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Parasitology > Nematodes, Cestodes, Trematodes, Arthropods > Flashcards

Nematodes, Cestodes, Trematodes, Arthropods Flashcards

1
Q

Trichuris trichura

A

Life cycle - direct

Route of infection - ingested eggs

Geo. -ww

Lab diagnosis – formalin-ethyl acetate conc. stool

adults – females 35 - 50 mm, males 30-45 mm

eggs – 50 - 54 micrometers by 20 micrometers - barrel shape; Count the number of eggs

Pathology - asymptomatic, hypochromic anemia - malnutrition and blood loss, bloody diarrhea (dysentery)

Common name: whipworm

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2
Q
A

Taenia saginata

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3
Q

Clonorchis sinensis

(Liver fluke)

A

Life cycle-eggs-miracidia-sporocysts-rediae cercariae-metacercariae-adults

Route-ingestion of metacercariae infected uncooked freshwater fish

Geo.-China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Vietnam

Lab diagnosis-wet prep of formalin-ethyl acetate concentrated stool

adult-1-2.5 cm by 3.5 mm

egg-similar to Heterophyes, Opistorchis viverrini and Metagonimus, 28-35 micrometers, operculated

Pathology-jaundice, eosinophils, liver damage

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4
Q
A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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5
Q
A

hookworm

rhabditaform larva

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6
Q
A

Loa loa

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7
Q

Schistosoma japonicum

A

Life cycle-eggs-miracidia-sporocysts-cercariae-adults

Route of infection-cercariae penetrate skin

Geo.-China, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines

Lab diagnosis-wet prep of conc. stool, Kato – Katz smear – 50 mg stool, glycerin soaked cellulose coverslip, ELISA, enzyme-linked immunoelectro transfer blot test (EIBT)

egg- 70-100 micrometers by ~50 micrometers, small lateral spine,s acid fast positive

adult-similar to S. mansoni, found in mesenteric vessels of bowel/rectum

Pathology-Similar to S. mansoni -fever, headache, dysentery/bloody diarrhea, hepatomegaly

but S. japonicum has a higher egg production-more severe

potential, Katayama fever, weight loss

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8
Q
A

Hymenopelis nana

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9
Q

Diphyllbothrium latum

A

Life cycle-larvae-intestine-adults

Route of infection-ingestion infected raw, poorly cooked or pickled freshwater fish

Geo.-freshwater lakes

Lab diagnosis-wet prep of formalin ethyl-acetate concentration of stool

adults-scolex,strobila ( Chain of proglottids)

eggs-operculated, 58 – 75 micrometers

Pathology- diarrhea, obstruction, B12 deficiency, macrocytic anemia

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10
Q
A

Taenia solium

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11
Q
A

Trichuris trichura ova

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12
Q

Schistosoma mekongi

A

Life cycle-eggs-miracidia-sporocysts-cercariae-adults

Route of infection-cercariae penetrate skin

Geo.-Mekong river valley-Laos, Thailand

Lab diagnosis-wet prep of formalin-ethyl acetate concentrated stool

egg-similar to S. japonicum, but smaller, 50 - 65 micrometers by 30-55 micrometers, acid fast ?

adult- similar to S. japonicum

Pathology-Similar to S. japonicum

hepatosplenomegaly, portal venous hypertension

Life cycle-eggs-miracidia-sporocysts-cercariae-adults

Route of infection-cercariae penetrate skin

Geo.-Mekong river valley-Laos, Thailand

Lab diagnosis-wet prep of formalin-ethyl acetate concentrated stool

egg-similar to S. japonicum, but smaller, 50 - 65 micrometers by 30-55 micrometers, acid fast ?

adult- similar to S. japonicum

Pathology-Similar to S. japonicum

hepatosplenomegaly, portal venous hypertension

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13
Q

Taenia solium

A

Life cycle-cysticerci-intestine-adults

Route of infection-ingestion infected raw or poorly cooked pork; cysticercosis- ingestion of egg

Geo. – ww; Hispanic population – US Southwest

Lab diagnosis-wet prep, formalin ethyl-acetate concentration of stool; ELISA – coproantigen test

adults-scolex, strobila-proglottids; gravid proglottids = 7-13 uterine branches

eggs-thick, striated shell,6 hooked embryo, 31-43 micrometers

Pathology-diarrhea, weight loss; cysticercosis: ingestion of egg- pseudo-brain tumor, Immunoblot test,CDC

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14
Q
A

Hookworm ova

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15
Q
A

Echinostoma ilocanum

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16
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

A

Life cycle – See next slide, autoreinfection possible

route of infection – may be ingestion raw fish, raw shrimp, crabs and snails

Geo. – Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, Egypt, Iran

Lab diagnosis – formalin-ethyl acetate conc. stool

adults - 2.5 – 4.3 mm female,2.3-3.2 mm male

eggs - like Trichuris- less prominent polar plugs, striated, 36-45 micrometers

Pathology - large numbers -malabsorption, watery stools, pneumonia, heart failure

–

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17
Q

Schistosoma intercalatum

A

Life cycle-eggs-miracidia-sporocysts-cercariae-adults

Route of infection-cercariae penetrate skin

Geo.-Central and Western Africa

Lab diagnosis-wet prep, of conc. stool

eggs- 140-240 micrometers, morphology similar to S. haematobium, acid fast positive- spine

adults - similar to the other schistosomes, adults in intestinal vessel walls

Pathology-Similar to S. mansoni infections

pathology confined to mesenteric-portal system – rectal bleeding, anorexia, nausea, diarrhea

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18
Q
A

Paragominus westermani ova

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19
Q

Heterophyes heterophyes

A

Life cycle-eggs-miracidia-sporocysts-rediae-cercariae-metacercariae-adults

Route of infection-ingestion of metacercariae infected raw, pickled or poorly cooked freshwater fish

Geo.-Egypt, Israel, Philippines, Japan

Lab diagnosis-wet prep of formalin ethyl acetate concentrate, stool

adult-1.5 mm by 0.4 mm ( 3 suckers-oral, ventral, genital),egg-brownish yellow, 27-30 micrometers, operculated

Pathology-abdominal pain, mucous in stool

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20
Q
A
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21
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Life cycle - direct Route of infection -contaminated soil Geo. - ww Lab diagnosis – formalin-ethyl acetate concentrate stool adults - 20 – 35 cm female, 15-31 cm male eggs – Fertilized 45-75 micrometers by 50 micrometers, unfertilized 85-95 micrometers (mcm) Pathology - asymptomatic, pneumonitis – Loeffler’s syndrome, eosinophilia, malabsorption, bowel obstruction

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22
Q

Opisthorchis viverini

A

Life cycle-eggs-miracidia-sporocysts-rediae-cercariae-metacercariae-adults

Route of infection-ingestion of metacercariae infected freshwater fish

Geo.- northern Thailand and Laos

Lab diagnosis-wet prep, conc. stool

egg-like C. sinensis, and ones listed previously, 19-29 mcm (um)

Pathology-abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, cholangitis – inflammation of bile ducts, cholecystitis – inflammation of gall bladder, obstructive jaundice

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23
Q

Toxocara canis

A

Life cycle-eggs-larvae-tissue migration

Route of infection –infective embryonated eggs in dog or cat feces

Geo. - ww

Lab diagnosis - biopsy or autopsy

larvae 0.5 mm by 20 micrometers

ELISA - serological tests

Pathology - visceral larva migrans

occular larva migrans, eosinophilia, fever

24
Q
A

Enterobius vermicularis ova

25
Q

Schistosoma mansonii

A

Life cycle -eggs-miracidia-( find a snail host) -sporocysts-cercariae-adults

Route of infection-cercariae penetrate skin

Geo.-West and Central Africa, Egypt, Brazil, Venezuela, West Indies, Puerto Rico

lab diagnosis-wet prep of conc. stool, Kato-Katz- 50 mg stool, glycerin soaked cellulose coverslip; hatching test – stool in water, watch for eggs hatching to miracidia, ELISA and EITB (enzyme linked immunoelectro transfer blot), acid fast positive

eggs-114-180 micrometers by 55 micrometers, large lateral spine

adults-male 1.2 cm, female 1.6 cm, in mesenteric vessels of rectum

Pathology- Acute schistosomiasis ( Katayama’s fever) : fever, headache, dysentery/bloody diarrhea, hepatomegaly

26
Q

Paragominus westermani

Lung Fluke

A

Life cycle-eggs-miracidia-sporocysts-rediae-cercariae-metacercariae-adults

Route-ingestion of metacercariae infected uncooked crabs or crayfish

Geo.-Far East, Africa

Lab Diagnosis-sputum, wet prep of formalin-ethyl acetate conc. stool; adult-reddish brown in lungs or intestine; egg-similar to D. latum -operculated shoulders, lack knob, size 80-120 micrometers, ELISA for confirmation

Pathology-cough, chronic bronchitis, cerebral complications

27
Q
A

Brugia malayi

28
Q
A

Strongyloides stercoralis

rhabditaform larva

29
Q
A

Schistosoma japonicum (S. mekongii = smaller)

30
Q
A

Schistosoma mansonii

31
Q

Dipulidium caninum

A

Life cycle-cysticercoid larva-intestine-adult

Route of infection-ingestion of infected dog or cat flea

Geo. - ww

Lab diagnosis-wet prep conc. stool

adults-10-70 cm. long, scolex-4 suckers, proglottids-barrel shaped

eggs-25-40 micrometers often in egg packet

Pathology-indigestion, appetite loss

32
Q

Fasciolopsis buski

A

Life cycle-eggs-miracida-sporocysts-rediae-cercariae-metacercariae-adults

Route of infection-ingestion of metacercariae contaminated raw or undercooked plants (water chestnuts, water bamboo, water caltrops)

Geo.- South China, Taiwan, Thailand,

Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia

Lab diagnosis- adult, 2-7.5 cm, no nose cone, for dx-egg – large 130-140 mcm (um) ( See egg chart handout), wet prep of formalin-ethyl acetate conc.

Pathology- inflammation, mucous, hemorrhage, ulcerations - intestine

33
Q

Echinococcus

A

Life cycle-eggs-hydatid cysts, lung, liver

Route of infection-ingestion eggs from dogs. Humans are accidental intermediate hosts

Geo. -Australia, New Zealand, Alaska, Canada, Continental U.S.

Diagnosis-history, X-rays or scans

Variety of immunoassay tests: Mayo does a IgG Ab test and reflex to Western blot test; Enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot ( ELIB), ELISA, Arc-5 double diffusion assay (DD5)

Pathology-abdomen discomfort, anaphylactic rxn, HYDATID DISEASE

34
Q

Hymenolepis diminuta

A

Life cycle-cysticercoids-intestine-adults

Route of infection-ingestion infected arthropods (various beetles, larval fleas)

Geo.- ww

Lab diagnosis-wet prep conc. stool

adults- 20 -60 cm. long

eggs-like H. nana, except no polar filaments, 70-85/ 60-79 micrometers

Pathology-few symptoms-nausea, anorexia, diarrhea, headache

35
Q
A

Schistosoma haemotobium (intercalatum)

36
Q
A

Taenia ova

37
Q

Hymenopelis nana

A

Life cycle-eggs-larvae-adults

Route of infection-ingestion of eggs; rarely infected grain beetles

Geo.-ww

Lab diagnosis-wet prep conc. stool

adults- 25 - 40 mm. ( 8- 100 mm) long,scolex-4 suckers, short rostellum with hooks, proglottids-broad

eggs- 30-47 micrometers long, oval to round, polar filaments, polar thickening

Pathology-asymptomatic, dizziness, nausea, autoinfection possible

38
Q

Hookworms

A

Life cycle - larvae -heart, lungs, intestine

Route of infection - skin penetration by filariform larvae

Lab diagnosis – formalin-ethyl acetate conc. stool

adults - 7- 11 mm male, 10-13 mm female, 2 pair teeth (AD), 9-11 mm female (NA) cutting plates

eggs – 56-75 micrometers by 36-40 micrometers, thin shell

rhabditiform larvae - long buccal cavity, small genital primordium

Pathology:

pruritis, vesicles from erythematous papulae is called ground itch

lg. # larvae -pneumonitis

adults, intestine - diarrhea, nausea, blood loss ( stools – red to black)

chronic infections - iron deficiency

39
Q
A

Hymenopelis dinimuta

40
Q
A

Diphyllbothrium latum

41
Q

Trichostrongylus spp.

A

Life cycle - larvae - intestine - adults

Route of infection -

infected larvae contaminating plant material

Geo. - ww

Lab diagnosis – formalin-ethyl acetate conc. stool

adults - like hookworm, except no distinct buccal capsule with special mouth parts

Rhabditiform larva – long buccal cavity, small genital primordium

eggs - like hookworm, 75-95 micrometers, oval, pointed ends

Pathology - asymptomatic, diarrhea, anorexia, nausea, headache, hemorrhage in intestinal tract

42
Q

Taenia saginata

A

Life cycle-cysticerci-intestine-adults

Route of infection-ingestion infected raw or poorly cooked beef

Geo.-ww

Lab Diagnosis-wet prep, formalin ethyl-acetate concentration of stool

adults-scolex, strobila-proglottids; gravid proglottids = 15-20 uterine branches

eggs-like Taenia solium, 31-43 micrometers

Pathology-diarrhea, weight loss, appendicitis

43
Q
A

Fasciolopsis buski

44
Q

Dracunculus medinensis

A

Life cycle-larvae-duodenal mucosa- connective tissue

Route of infection-

ingesting infected copopods ( water fleas)

Geo. – Sudan, Ghana, and Nigeria

2017, only 20 villages have D. medinensis now according to Carter Foundation: Chad and Ethiopia, Angola and South Sudan added (2018)

Lab diagnosis - subcutaneous tissue (feet)

female - 1 meter in length, male - 2 cm.

Pathology-erythema, blister formation

45
Q
A

Clonorchis sinensis

46
Q

Enterobius vermicularis

A

Life cycle -direct

Route of infection – ingestion eggs: fingers, airborne eggs, fomites-soiled nightclothes, soiled bed linens

Geo. - ww

Lab diagnosis

adults - females 8 - 13 mm, males 2 - 5 mm

eggs - 50 - 60 micrometers flattened on one side

scotch tape/cellulose/cellophane method, when to take specimen- early morning/ just after waking up

can be infective to lab personnel

Pathology - pruritis, nervousness, may have eosinophilia/ Common name: pinworm

47
Q

Metagonimus yokogawai

A

Life cycle-eggs-miracidia-sporocysts-rediae-cercariae-metacercariae-adults

Route-ingestion of infected metacercariae uncooked or pickled freshwater fish

Geo.-Japan, Indonesia, Israel, Spain, “USSR”

Lab diagnosis-wet prep of conc. stool

adult-similar to Heterophyes, Clonorchis and Opistorchis viverrini

Egg:26-28 by 16 micrometers, brown yellow, operculated

Pathology-abdominal pain, mucous, diarrhea

48
Q

Brugia malayi

A

Life cycle-larvae-lymphatics-adults

Route of infection- Mansonia-night feeder, Anopheline ( Anopheles)-day or night feeder

Geo. - Far East, Malaysia, India, Vietnam/ B. timori –Indonesia, Timor islands

Lab diagnosis - Knott technique ( 1 mL blood + 10 mL formalin and centrifuge), thick and thin preps, take blood samples 10 PM- 4 AM

Pathology- involvement lymphatics, fever, chills,chronic condition– Elephantiasis: chronic infection, obstructed lymph node system

49
Q

Trichenella spiralis

A

Life cycle-larvae-intestine- muscles

Route of infection - ingestion raw or undercooked pork or other infected meat ( bear, cougar, wild-boar, walrus)wild pigs in Oklahoma

Geo. - ww

Lab diagnosis

Muscle biopsy morphology: characteristic 2 ½ turn, EIA, bentonite flocculation test, IFAT(immunofluorescent antibody test), ELISA - pigs

Pathology - diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, general malaise, eosinophilia, muscle invasion, periorbital edema, myocarditis, death

50
Q

Strongyloides stercoalis

A

Life cycle-larvae-vessels-lungs-intestine

Route of infection - skin penetration by filariform larvace

Geo. - ww

Lab diagnosis - formalin-ethyl acetate conc. stool

Entero-test, Baermann concentration technique, Harada – Mori filter paper ( “Mini Baermann”), Agar plate culture, IgM,IgG antibody test, ELISA

rhabditiform larvae - short and sexy

Filariform larvae can develop in intestinal tract and be infective to lab personnel

Pathology -

Asymptomatic to cutaneous -pruritis, lung- pneumonia, intestinal infections,diarrhea; super-infections -death

autoinfection - filariform larvae,

51
Q

Echinostoma ilocanum

A

Life cycle

eggs-miracidia-sporocysts- rediae-cercariae-metacercariae-adults

Route of infection- ingestion of metacercariae infected mollusks (octopus, mussels, snails, slugs)

Geo.- Philippines, China, Thailand, Celebes

Lab diagnosis- find eggs, wet prep of formalin and ethyl acetate concentrated stool

adult-< 1 cm (10 mm) by 0.2 cm (2 mm), reddish gray

Egg: 86-116 mcm (um), morphology oval egg, operculated, yellow-brown

Pathology-asymptomatic, inflammation

52
Q

Onchocerca volvulus

A

Life cycle-larvae-adults-subcutaneous tissue

Route of infection - Simulium spp., blackfly or buffalo gnat ( SBB mnemonic)

Geo. - Africa, Mexico, Central America, S.A.

Lab diagnosis- multiple skin snips- H and E stain, microfilariae, 220-360 mcm

Pathology- itchy nodules, may cause blindness

53
Q
A

Wucheria bancrofti

54
Q

Schistosoma haematobium

A

Life cycle-eggs-miracidia-sporocysts (snail host)-cercariae-adults

Route of infection-cercariae penetrate skin

Geo.-Africa, Asia minor, Cyprus- island of Turkey, South Portugal

Lab diagnosis-wet prep of urine

Egg:112-170 micrometers by 55 micrometers, acid fast negative

ELISA, enzyme-linked immunoelectro Transfer blot test (EIBT) testing

Adults- similar to other schistosomes, female in bladder vessel walls ( venous plexus)

Pathology- dysuria, hematuria, granulomas, fibrosis, ulcerations, bladder cancer

55
Q

Loa loa

A

Life cycle-larvae-adults-skin-microfilariae

Route of infection - Chrysops spp. -mango flies or deer flies (DMC mnemonic)

Geo. - Africa

Diagnosis -

Knott technique (1 mL blood + 10 mL formalin and centrifuge), thick ( Giemsa) and thin films ( Wright-Giemsa)

Pathology - calabar swelling, eosinophilia

56
Q

Fasciola hepatica

A

Life cycle-eggs-miracidia-sporocysts-rediae-cercariae-metacercariae-adults

Route of infection-ingestion of metacercariae infected aquatic vegetation ( watercress)

Geo.-ww, only a few cases in the U.S.

Lab diagnosis-wet prep of formalin-ethyl acetate concentrated stool

egg-similar to F. buski and E. ilocanum, 130-150 micrometers, adult, ~ 2 cm ( < 1 inch) and nose cone

ELISA test sensitive to both hepatic and intestinal infection

Pathology-biliary obstruction, cholangitis, pruritis, jaundice, hepatomegaly, eosinophils

57
Q

Wucheria bancrofti

A

Life cycle-lymphatics-adults; blood –larvae/microfilariae

Route of infection-Culex - night feeder, Aedes - day feeder, Anopheles ( Anopheline) - day or night feeder

Geo. Africa – Culex; Pacific - Aedes , Anopheles

Lab diagnosis - Knott technique, if Africa; thick: Giemsa, thin: Wright-Giemsa, or hematoxylin stains; microfilariae size 244-296 mcm

Pathology – high fever, lymphangitis, lymphadenitis, eosinophilia

Chronic infection, obstructed lymph node system– elephantiasis;

Parasitology (3 decks)

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