Nematodes Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
what types of parasites will be covered in nematodes
A
intestinal roundworms (geohelmenths)
2
Q
what parasite has the most infected individuals
A
ascaris
3
Q
what is the phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species for ascaris
A
nematoda, secernentia, ascaridata, ascaridae, ascaris, ascaris lumbricoides
4
Q
what is a geohelmenth
A
parasite that spends part of its life cycle in the soil
5
Q
what other parasite does ascaris tend to coexist with
A
Trichuris trichiura
6
Q
where is ascaris endemic to
A
warm countries especially in areas of poor sanitation
7
Q
what age group is ascaris typically found in and why
A
school aged children because they play in dirt
8
Q
what key factor spreads ascaris rapidly
A
indescriminate defecation
9
Q
whats the common name for ascaris
A
large intestinal roundworm
10
Q
how long are female and male ascaris
A
female: 20-50cm, male: 15-30cm
11
Q
what key factor do males have of ascaris
A
curved ventral tail
12
Q
how many eggs can female ascaris produce per day
A
200,000
13
Q
how many eggs can a female have in her body at one time
A
27 million
14
Q
why do ascaris eggs remain viable for long periods of time
A
resistant to harsh weather and chemicals (due to hard outer covering of egg)
15
Q
what is the infective stage of ascaris
A
the fertilized egg
16
Q
what kind of covering does ascaris fertilized eggs have
A
coarse mammillated albuminous covering on top of a thick yellow-brown chitinous shell
17
Q
what is the method of diagnosis for ascaris
A
recover and identify characteristic eggs from feces
18
Q
what harm can ascaris cause to the body
A
enlarge liver (hepatitis), blockage of intestines, can cause pneumonia, perforate intestines, blockage of bile ducts (peritonitis), cholangitis (colon), pancreatitis
19
Q
how is one exposed to ascaris
A
ingestion
20
Q
what path does ascaris take to become an adult
A
hatch in the small intestine, enter bloodstream, pass the liver, pass the heart, pass the capilaries of the lungs, migrate up the respiratory tree, swallowed, migrate to the small intestine where it develops into an adult
21
Q
what is a heavy infection of ascaris
A
less than 500 adults
22
Q
what is the disease name for ascaris
A
ascariasis
23
Q
what do medications do to parasites?
A
kill eggs and trigger adults to exit from the hosts body
24
Q
what medications can be used to treat ascariasis
A
100mg x 3 doses of mebandazole
11mg/kg ounce of pyrantel pamoate
400mg of albendazole
25
what is the intermediate for ascaris
soil (needed)
26
what is the phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species for pinworms
nematoda, secrnentia, oxyurata, oxyuridae, enterobius, enterobius vermicularis
27
are pinworms geohelmenths/
yes
28
why are pinworms are global pandemic
not bound by socioeconomic status, sex, or race
29
what is the most prevalent parasitic infection in usa
pinworms (40 million cases)
30
how does one acquire pinworms
touching anything, common in school aged children who dont wash their hands and play in soil
31
what is the infective stage of pinworms
egg
32
what is the diagnostic stage of pinworms
egg
33
what is characteristic of pinworm eggs
shell is flattened on one side (thick walled colourless shell)
34
how long are pinworms eggs viable
up to 2 weeks
35
how are pinworm eggs passed onto the host
fecal matter, can be airbourne for a short period
36
what is the intermediate host for pinworms
can be soil but its not needed
37
how long is the full life cycle of pinworms
4-6 weeks
38
whats unique about the way female pinworms lay eggs
migrate to the perianal region at night when the body temperature is lowered to explosively lay eggs causing itching for distribution
39
where do adult pinworms live
in the large intestine
40
pinworms have retroinfection, what does this mean
an infection communicated to the mother by the in utero fetus
41
how large are male and female pinworms
female: 8-13mm, male: 2-5mm
42
what is the function of the tail of the pinworm female
aids in locomotion during nightly locomtion and also causes itching
43
what is the function of the tail of pinworm males
curved copulatory spicule
44
what is the food source for pinworms
e. coli and other bacteria in the stool
45
how long can pinworms live in the large intestine
a maximum of 90 days
46
how can you diagnose pinworms
recover eggs from perianal region using cellophane tape when the patient first wakes in the morning
47
what is the disease name for those infected with pinworms
enterobiasis, or pinworm disease, or seatworm disease
48
what damage do pinworms do
secondary infection from itching, ulcers (rare), nausea and vomiting, sleep loss, teeth gnashing, irritability, vulval irritation
49
what medications can be used to treat pinworms
100mg of mebandazole, 400mg of albendazole, 11mg/kg of pyrantel pamoate
50
what is the phylum, class, order, family, genus, species of whipworm
nematoda, adenophorea, trichurida, trichuridae, trichuris, trichuris trichiura
51
where is whipworm endemic
warm countries especially with poor sanitation
52
what is the estimated prevalence of whipworm globally
795 million
53
who is at risk for whipworm and why
school aged children and mentally handicapped individuals because of playing in soil (geohelmenth)
54
how many eggs can a female whipworm lay per day
3000, to 5000
55
how long do whipworms live in hosts
1.5-2 years
56
what is the prepatency for whipworms
90 days
57
what is prepatency
duration from first ingestion to when eggs are first detected in fecal matter
58
what is unique about whipworm eggs
barrel shaped with hyaline plugs at each pole
59
what is the colouring of whipworm eggs from
bile staining (yellow brown)
60
what is the diagnostic and the infective stage of whipworm
egg (recovered from fecal matter)
61
where do adult whipworms reside
large intestine (often found with ascaris lumbricoides)
62
how do whipworms get to the large intestine
larvae penetrate epithelial lining then move to lamina propia then molts then migrates to the large intestine as adults
63
what is the disease name for whipworm
trichuriasis or whipworm infection
64
what is a heavy infection of whipworm
500 to 5000 worms
65
how large are male and female whipworms
male: 30-45mm, female: 30-50mm
66
what damage does whipworm do to the body
bloody or mucoid diarrhea, weight loss, weakness, abdominal pain, increased peristalsis, rectal prolapse, stunted growth in children (malnutrition)
67
what can be used to treat whipworm
100mg x 3doses of mebandazole
| 400mg of albendazole
68
what are the phylum, class, order, family, genus, species of the two hookworm species
nematoda, secernentia, strongylata, ancylostomidae, necator and ancylostoma, necator americanus, ancylostoma duodenale
69
where can necator americanus be found
sub-saharan africa, north and south america, south china, southeast asia
70
where can ancylostoma duodenale be found
china, india, north and sub-saharan africa, south america, caribbean
71
how many cases globally of hookworm
740 million
72
what does it mean that a species is endemic to a region
always present in identified region(s)
73
why is it dangerous for pregnant or nursing women to have hookworms
can be passed to fetus and can be passed through breastmilk
74
what is the infective stage of hookworms
fuliriform larvae
75
what does it mean that a hookworm larvae is rhabditiform
they are active feeders
76
what is the difference between the two types of hookworms mouths
necator has cutting platesm ancylostoma has cutting teeth
77
what do hookworms eat
feed on the hosts intestinal mucosa and blood by burring mouth parts into tissue in a rasping action
78
how large is necator american typically
10mm
79
how large is ancylostoma duodenale typically
5-9mm
80
how do hookworms keep host blood from clotting
have anticoagulant so blood can freely flow
81
how many eggs does necator americanus lay per day
10,000 eggs per day
82
how many eggs does ancylostoma duodenale lay per day
28,000 per day
83
what is the disease name for hookworm
hookworm disease
84
what damage does hookworm cause
secondary infection at penetration site, pneumonia, anorexia, constipation, iron and protein defficiency, anemia, hyperplasia of bone marrow, extensive blood loss
85
what is an acute hookworm infection
more than 5000 eggs per gram of feces
86
what is chronic infection of hookworm
less than 500 eggs per gram of stool
87
how many pregnant usa women are infected with hookworm
44 million
88
what parasite is known as creeping eruption
ancylostoma brazilinse.
89
who is affected by ancylostoma brazilinse
caribbean, florida, gulf coast, military personnel
90
whats the issue with hookworm medications
hookworms are developing drug resistance (antihelmentic drug resistance)
91
what medications can be used to treat hookworm
100mg for 3 consecutive days of mebandazole
100mg albendazole
pyrantel pamoate
thiabendazole ointment for creeping eruption
92
what is the phylum class, order, family, genus, species
nematoda, adenophorea, trichurida, trichinellidae, trichinella, trichinella spiralis
93
what is a nurse cell
calcified tissue in which trichinella spiralis resides
94
how can one get trichinella spiralis
by eating undercooked meats
95
what are the resevoir hosts for trichinella spiralis
pigs, cows, animals that are eaten that exhibit scavenging behaviours
96
where is trichinalis spiralis endemic to
parts of europe, asia, japan, and china
97
how does one diagnose trichinella spiralis
trichinella spiralis larvae in muscle tissue
98
what is the path trichinella spiralis takes to become an adult
ingestion of infected undercooked meat, infective larvae emerge to digestive enzymes of stomach, move to upper 2/3 of small intestine to develop into adults, females circulate through body, larvae can be passed in fecal matter or encysted in hosts muscle tissue
99
what is the disease of having trichinella spiralis
trichinellosis
100
what is zoonosis
parasite acquired by consuming undercooked meat (skeletal muscle)
101
what damage does trichinella spiralis cause
small intestinal edema, pleural pain, eosinophilia, splinter hemorrhages of finger nails, retinal hemmorrhage and rash
102
what medications can be used to treat trichinella spiralis
predidone, or thiabendazole
103
what is the scientific name of parasites that mosquitoes transmit
wucheria bancrofti
104
what is the phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
nematoda, secernentia, filariata, onchocercidae, wuchereria, wuchereria bancrofti
105
where is wuchereria bancrofti endemic to
tropics, central and south america, africa, asia
106
how does wuchereria barcrofti enter the body
when mosquito pierces skin they flow into the bloodstream
107
where do adult wuchereria barcrofti mature
in lymphomatics
108
what is the diagnostic stage for wuchereria barcrofti
microfilariae in blood
109
what is the disease name for having wuchereria barcrofti
filariasis, elephantiasis
110
what damage does wuchereria barcrofti cause
lymphatic obstruction, granulomatous lesions, eosinophilia, fibric nodules on skin, edema
111
how does one treat wuchereria bancrofti
chemotherapy or removal of elephantoid tissue
112
what is the phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
nematoda, secernentia, filariata, onchocercidae, onchocerca, onchocerca volvulus
113
where can onchocerca volvulus be found
central american and africa
114
what is the initial host of onchocerca volvulus
blackflies
115
how does onchocerca volvulus mature to adult
larvae enter bite wound when blackflies bite, adults mature in subcutaneous tissue, then they can migrate thorough that tissue
116
how does one diagnose onchocerca volvulus
microfiliae in skin snip
117
what is the disease name of onchocerca volvulus
blinding filaria (can cause blindness)
118
what medication can be used to treat onchocerca volvulus
ivermectin (reduces number of individuals and prevents blindness)
