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Parasitology > Nematodes > Flashcards

Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

what types of parasites will be covered in nematodes

A

intestinal roundworms (geohelmenths)

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2
Q

what parasite has the most infected individuals

A

ascaris

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3
Q

what is the phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species for ascaris

A

nematoda, secernentia, ascaridata, ascaridae, ascaris, ascaris lumbricoides

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4
Q

what is a geohelmenth

A

parasite that spends part of its life cycle in the soil

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5
Q

what other parasite does ascaris tend to coexist with

A

Trichuris trichiura

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6
Q

where is ascaris endemic to

A

warm countries especially in areas of poor sanitation

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7
Q

what age group is ascaris typically found in and why

A

school aged children because they play in dirt

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8
Q

what key factor spreads ascaris rapidly

A

indescriminate defecation

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9
Q

whats the common name for ascaris

A

large intestinal roundworm

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10
Q

how long are female and male ascaris

A

female: 20-50cm, male: 15-30cm

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11
Q

what key factor do males have of ascaris

A

curved ventral tail

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12
Q

how many eggs can female ascaris produce per day

A

200,000

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13
Q

how many eggs can a female have in her body at one time

A

27 million

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14
Q

why do ascaris eggs remain viable for long periods of time

A

resistant to harsh weather and chemicals (due to hard outer covering of egg)

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15
Q

what is the infective stage of ascaris

A

the fertilized egg

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16
Q

what kind of covering does ascaris fertilized eggs have

A

coarse mammillated albuminous covering on top of a thick yellow-brown chitinous shell

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17
Q

what is the method of diagnosis for ascaris

A

recover and identify characteristic eggs from feces

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18
Q

what harm can ascaris cause to the body

A

enlarge liver (hepatitis), blockage of intestines, can cause pneumonia, perforate intestines, blockage of bile ducts (peritonitis), cholangitis (colon), pancreatitis

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19
Q

how is one exposed to ascaris

A

ingestion

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20
Q

what path does ascaris take to become an adult

A

hatch in the small intestine, enter bloodstream, pass the liver, pass the heart, pass the capilaries of the lungs, migrate up the respiratory tree, swallowed, migrate to the small intestine where it develops into an adult

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21
Q

what is a heavy infection of ascaris

A

less than 500 adults

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22
Q

what is the disease name for ascaris

A

ascariasis

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23
Q

what do medications do to parasites?

A

kill eggs and trigger adults to exit from the hosts body

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24
Q

what medications can be used to treat ascariasis

A

100mg x 3 doses of mebandazole
11mg/kg ounce of pyrantel pamoate
400mg of albendazole

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25
Q

what is the intermediate for ascaris

A

soil (needed)

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26
Q

what is the phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species for pinworms

A

nematoda, secrnentia, oxyurata, oxyuridae, enterobius, enterobius vermicularis

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27
Q

are pinworms geohelmenths/

A

yes

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28
Q

why are pinworms are global pandemic

A

not bound by socioeconomic status, sex, or race

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29
Q

what is the most prevalent parasitic infection in usa

A

pinworms (40 million cases)

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30
Q

how does one acquire pinworms

A

touching anything, common in school aged children who dont wash their hands and play in soil

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31
Q

what is the infective stage of pinworms

A

egg

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32
Q

what is the diagnostic stage of pinworms

A

egg

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33
Q

what is characteristic of pinworm eggs

A

shell is flattened on one side (thick walled colourless shell)

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34
Q

how long are pinworms eggs viable

A

up to 2 weeks

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35
Q

how are pinworm eggs passed onto the host

A

fecal matter, can be airbourne for a short period

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36
Q

what is the intermediate host for pinworms

A

can be soil but its not needed

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37
Q

how long is the full life cycle of pinworms

A

4-6 weeks

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38
Q

whats unique about the way female pinworms lay eggs

A

migrate to the perianal region at night when the body temperature is lowered to explosively lay eggs causing itching for distribution

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39
Q

where do adult pinworms live

A

in the large intestine

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40
Q

pinworms have retroinfection, what does this mean

A

an infection communicated to the mother by the in utero fetus

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41
Q

how large are male and female pinworms

A

female: 8-13mm, male: 2-5mm

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42
Q

what is the function of the tail of the pinworm female

A

aids in locomotion during nightly locomtion and also causes itching

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43
Q

what is the function of the tail of pinworm males

A

curved copulatory spicule

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44
Q

what is the food source for pinworms

A

e. coli and other bacteria in the stool

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45
Q

how long can pinworms live in the large intestine

A

a maximum of 90 days

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46
Q

how can you diagnose pinworms

A

recover eggs from perianal region using cellophane tape when the patient first wakes in the morning

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47
Q

what is the disease name for those infected with pinworms

A

enterobiasis, or pinworm disease, or seatworm disease

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48
Q

what damage do pinworms do

A

secondary infection from itching, ulcers (rare), nausea and vomiting, sleep loss, teeth gnashing, irritability, vulval irritation

49
Q

what medications can be used to treat pinworms

A

100mg of mebandazole, 400mg of albendazole, 11mg/kg of pyrantel pamoate

50
Q

what is the phylum, class, order, family, genus, species of whipworm

A

nematoda, adenophorea, trichurida, trichuridae, trichuris, trichuris trichiura

51
Q

where is whipworm endemic

A

warm countries especially with poor sanitation

52
Q

what is the estimated prevalence of whipworm globally

A

795 million

53
Q

who is at risk for whipworm and why

A

school aged children and mentally handicapped individuals because of playing in soil (geohelmenth)

54
Q

how many eggs can a female whipworm lay per day

A

3000, to 5000

55
Q

how long do whipworms live in hosts

A

1.5-2 years

56
Q

what is the prepatency for whipworms

A

90 days

57
Q

what is prepatency

A

duration from first ingestion to when eggs are first detected in fecal matter

58
Q

what is unique about whipworm eggs

A

barrel shaped with hyaline plugs at each pole

59
Q

what is the colouring of whipworm eggs from

A

bile staining (yellow brown)

60
Q

what is the diagnostic and the infective stage of whipworm

A

egg (recovered from fecal matter)

61
Q

where do adult whipworms reside

A

large intestine (often found with ascaris lumbricoides)

62
Q

how do whipworms get to the large intestine

A

larvae penetrate epithelial lining then move to lamina propia then molts then migrates to the large intestine as adults

63
Q

what is the disease name for whipworm

A

trichuriasis or whipworm infection

64
Q

what is a heavy infection of whipworm

A

500 to 5000 worms

65
Q

how large are male and female whipworms

A

male: 30-45mm, female: 30-50mm

66
Q

what damage does whipworm do to the body

A

bloody or mucoid diarrhea, weight loss, weakness, abdominal pain, increased peristalsis, rectal prolapse, stunted growth in children (malnutrition)

67
Q

what can be used to treat whipworm

A

100mg x 3doses of mebandazole

400mg of albendazole

68
Q

what are the phylum, class, order, family, genus, species of the two hookworm species

A

nematoda, secernentia, strongylata, ancylostomidae, necator and ancylostoma, necator americanus, ancylostoma duodenale

69
Q

where can necator americanus be found

A

sub-saharan africa, north and south america, south china, southeast asia

70
Q

where can ancylostoma duodenale be found

A

china, india, north and sub-saharan africa, south america, caribbean

71
Q

how many cases globally of hookworm

A

740 million

72
Q

what does it mean that a species is endemic to a region

A

always present in identified region(s)

73
Q

why is it dangerous for pregnant or nursing women to have hookworms

A

can be passed to fetus and can be passed through breastmilk

74
Q

what is the infective stage of hookworms

A

fuliriform larvae

75
Q

what does it mean that a hookworm larvae is rhabditiform

A

they are active feeders

76
Q

what is the difference between the two types of hookworms mouths

A

necator has cutting platesm ancylostoma has cutting teeth

77
Q

what do hookworms eat

A

feed on the hosts intestinal mucosa and blood by burring mouth parts into tissue in a rasping action

78
Q

how large is necator american typically

A

10mm

79
Q

how large is ancylostoma duodenale typically

A

5-9mm

80
Q

how do hookworms keep host blood from clotting

A

have anticoagulant so blood can freely flow

81
Q

how many eggs does necator americanus lay per day

A

10,000 eggs per day

82
Q

how many eggs does ancylostoma duodenale lay per day

A

28,000 per day

83
Q

what is the disease name for hookworm

A

hookworm disease

84
Q

what damage does hookworm cause

A

secondary infection at penetration site, pneumonia, anorexia, constipation, iron and protein defficiency, anemia, hyperplasia of bone marrow, extensive blood loss

85
Q

what is an acute hookworm infection

A

more than 5000 eggs per gram of feces

86
Q

what is chronic infection of hookworm

A

less than 500 eggs per gram of stool

87
Q

how many pregnant usa women are infected with hookworm

A

44 million

88
Q

what parasite is known as creeping eruption

A

ancylostoma brazilinse.

89
Q

who is affected by ancylostoma brazilinse

A

caribbean, florida, gulf coast, military personnel

90
Q

whats the issue with hookworm medications

A

hookworms are developing drug resistance (antihelmentic drug resistance)

91
Q

what medications can be used to treat hookworm

A

100mg for 3 consecutive days of mebandazole
100mg albendazole
pyrantel pamoate
thiabendazole ointment for creeping eruption

92
Q

what is the phylum class, order, family, genus, species

A

nematoda, adenophorea, trichurida, trichinellidae, trichinella, trichinella spiralis

93
Q

what is a nurse cell

A

calcified tissue in which trichinella spiralis resides

94
Q

how can one get trichinella spiralis

A

by eating undercooked meats

95
Q

what are the resevoir hosts for trichinella spiralis

A

pigs, cows, animals that are eaten that exhibit scavenging behaviours

96
Q

where is trichinalis spiralis endemic to

A

parts of europe, asia, japan, and china

97
Q

how does one diagnose trichinella spiralis

A

trichinella spiralis larvae in muscle tissue

98
Q

what is the path trichinella spiralis takes to become an adult

A

ingestion of infected undercooked meat, infective larvae emerge to digestive enzymes of stomach, move to upper 2/3 of small intestine to develop into adults, females circulate through body, larvae can be passed in fecal matter or encysted in hosts muscle tissue

99
Q

what is the disease of having trichinella spiralis

A

trichinellosis

100
Q

what is zoonosis

A

parasite acquired by consuming undercooked meat (skeletal muscle)

101
Q

what damage does trichinella spiralis cause

A

small intestinal edema, pleural pain, eosinophilia, splinter hemorrhages of finger nails, retinal hemmorrhage and rash

102
Q

what medications can be used to treat trichinella spiralis

A

predidone, or thiabendazole

103
Q

what is the scientific name of parasites that mosquitoes transmit

A

wucheria bancrofti

104
Q

what is the phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

A

nematoda, secernentia, filariata, onchocercidae, wuchereria, wuchereria bancrofti

105
Q

where is wuchereria bancrofti endemic to

A

tropics, central and south america, africa, asia

106
Q

how does wuchereria barcrofti enter the body

A

when mosquito pierces skin they flow into the bloodstream

107
Q

where do adult wuchereria barcrofti mature

A

in lymphomatics

108
Q

what is the diagnostic stage for wuchereria barcrofti

A

microfilariae in blood

109
Q

what is the disease name for having wuchereria barcrofti

A

filariasis, elephantiasis

110
Q

what damage does wuchereria barcrofti cause

A

lymphatic obstruction, granulomatous lesions, eosinophilia, fibric nodules on skin, edema

111
Q

how does one treat wuchereria bancrofti

A

chemotherapy or removal of elephantoid tissue

112
Q

what is the phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

A

nematoda, secernentia, filariata, onchocercidae, onchocerca, onchocerca volvulus

113
Q

where can onchocerca volvulus be found

A

central american and africa

114
Q

what is the initial host of onchocerca volvulus

A

blackflies

115
Q

how does onchocerca volvulus mature to adult

A

larvae enter bite wound when blackflies bite, adults mature in subcutaneous tissue, then they can migrate thorough that tissue

116
Q

how does one diagnose onchocerca volvulus

A

microfiliae in skin snip

117
Q

what is the disease name of onchocerca volvulus

A

blinding filaria (can cause blindness)

118
Q

what medication can be used to treat onchocerca volvulus

A

ivermectin (reduces number of individuals and prevents blindness)

Parasitology (4 decks)

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