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Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

Roundworms

A

Nematodes

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2
Q

T/F: Not all nematodes are parasitic

A

True

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3
Q

General characteristics of nematodes

A
  • nonsegmentes
    Cylindrical
  • tapered at both ends
  • complete digestive tract
  • separate sexes
  • females are usually larger
  • males are usually curved at the posterior and have special copulatory organs
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4
Q

T/F: Nematodes does not form through replicating or repeating segments

A

True. They are NONSEGMENTAL

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5
Q

Nematodes reproduce through…

A

Sexual reproduction after copulation between male and female adults

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6
Q

Special copulatory organs are present on __________ to _________________________

A

Nematodes; to hold on to female during copulation

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7
Q

Giant intestinal round worm

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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8
Q

Most common intestinal nematode worldwide

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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9
Q

A. Lumbricoides is transmitted in…

A

Soil

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10
Q

A. Lumbricoides is a (obligate, opportunistic) parasite

A

Obligate

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11
Q

Adult Ascaris lumbricoides is found in…

A

Small intestine

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12
Q

A. Lumbricoides is acquired through the…

A

Ingestion of contaminated food with soil that contains EMBRYONATED EGGS.

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13
Q

T/F: Heart-Lung migration occurs in A. Lumbricoides

A

TRUE

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14
Q

Adult Nematode that appears like spaghetti

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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15
Q

Differentiate unfertilized and fertilized A. Lumbricoides egg

A

Unfertilized: larger and longer
Fertilized: round/oval, has a thick shell w/ finely granular embryo

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16
Q

Outermost shell of A. Lumbricoides ova is called…

A

Mamillary coat/layer

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17
Q

T/F: Fully embryonated egg of A. Lumbricoides is diagnostic in stool

A

FALSE. It takes several weeks for the ova to become fully embryonated

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18
Q

Most severe forms of ascaris infections is due to…

A

Ectopic migration of adults

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19
Q

Definitive diagnosis of A. Lumbricoides

A

Unembryonated Eggs in stool

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20
Q

Similar specie of A. Lumbricoides but hosts are pigs

A

Ascaris suum

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21
Q

Whipworm

A

Trichuris trichuira

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22
Q

T/F: Ascaris can have a co-infection with Trichuris

A

TRUE

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23
Q

T. Trichuira is a (obligate, facultative, accidental, permanent, temporary, spurious)

A

Obligate

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24
Q

Adult Trichuris trichuira is found in…

A

Large intestine

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25
Q

T. Trichuira is acquired though..

A

Ingestion of contaminated food of embryonated ova

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26
Q

T/F: Similarly to A. Lumbricoides, T. Trichuira has a heart-lung migration

A

FALSE. No heart-lung migration for T. Trichuira

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27
Q

Adult male T. Trichuira has a posterior end…

A

Coiled >360 degrees

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28
Q

Football/barrel shaped w/ bipolar plugs ova

A

T. Trichuira

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29
Q

T/F: Shells of T. Trichuira is thinner than A. Lumbricoides

A

True

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30
Q

Petechial hemorrhages in the instestines is caused by which nematode?

A

T. Trichuira

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31
Q

Rectal prolapse is seen in Chronic and heavy infection of …

A

T. Trichuira

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32
Q

T. Trichuira definitive diagnosis

A

Ova in stool

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33
Q

Two most important/common intestinal h ookworms

A

Necator americanus
Ancylostoma duodenale

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34
Q

Hookworms:

Infective Stage:
MOI:
Adult Habitat:
Diagnostic Stage:

A

Filariform larva
Skin penetration/ingestion
Small Intestine
Ova in stool

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35
Q

Hookworms (obligate, accidental, permanent, temporary)

A

Obligate

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36
Q

T/F: Eggs of Hookworms are non-infectious

A

TRUE

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37
Q

Hookworm maturity stages

A

Adult hookworm copulate - ova - passed on feces - not disposed - soil - larva - rhabditiform larva - filariform larva

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38
Q

Parasitic stage of hookworms

A

Filariform larva

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39
Q

2 modes of infection of hookworms

A

Skin penetration
Ingestion

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40
Q

Hookworms: Heart lung migration (YES, NO)

A

YES

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41
Q

Which hookworm can only be acquired of infection through ingestion?

A

Ancylostoma

*Necator americanus can only be through skin penetration

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42
Q

T/F: Transmammary and transplacental is also a mode of infection for Necator americanus

A

False. It is by Ancylostoma duodenale

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43
Q

Adult male hookworm is distinguished by female through…

A

Posterior structure - COPULATORY BURSA (fan-like structure w/ ribs to hold during copulation)

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44
Q

Compare the buccal cavity of necator and ancylostoma

A

Necator: semilunar cutting disks
Ancylostoma duodenale: 2 pairs of teeth
Ancylostoma caninum: 3 pairs of teeth

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45
Q

The teeth or cutting disks of necator and ancylosoma is used for…

A

Attachment and NOT for chewing food

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46
Q

Describe ova of hookworms

A

Ovid in shape
Slightly elongated
Very thin shell/membrane
W/ embyro

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47
Q

Rhabditiform larvae is only visible in stool if..

A

Px is constipated
Delayed processing of specimen

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48
Q

T/F: Filariform is more seen in stool tan rhabditiform

A

Both are rarely/almost impossible to find in stool

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49
Q

Hookworms clinical manifestations

A

Ground itch/dew itch
Bronchitis/pneumonitis
Cutaneous larva migrans/creeping eruptions

50
Q

Threadworm

A

Strongyloides sterocoralis

51
Q

Strongyloides sterocoralis is (obligate, facultative, temporary, permanent) parasite

A

Facultative

52
Q

Parthenogenesis occurs in (hookworm, roundworm, threadworm)

A

Threadworm

53
Q

T/F: Strongyloides has no male adults, only female

54
Q

Rhabditiform larva is the most commonly found in stools of Px infected with…

A

Strongyloides sterocoralis

55
Q

S. Sterocoralis is acquired through…

A

Skin penetration or ingestion

56
Q

T/F: Heart-lung migration in S. Sterocoralis

57
Q

Summary of life cycle of S. Sterocoralis

A

Rhabditiform - stool - fialriform - infect - heart lung migration - adult

58
Q

Adult S. Sterocoralis found in…

59
Q

Buccal cavity of adult S. Sterocoralis is _____________ than hookworm

60
Q

A unique characteristic of filariform larva of s. Sterocoralis is…

A

Notched tail

61
Q

Pruritic skin papules
Larva currens (serpentine lesions)
Lobar pneumonia
Cochin China Diarrhea

Clinical manifestations of…

A

Strongyloides sterocoralis

62
Q

Harada-Mori, Bearmann funnel used as a culture technique in…

A

S. Sterocoralis

Allow larva to hatch from eggs
Increases the sensitivity of test

63
Q

Strongyloides sterocorali:

Infective Stage -
MOI -
Adult habitat -
Diagnostic stage

A

Filariform larva
Skin penetration, autoinfection, transplacental,transmammary
Small intestine
Rhabditiform larva

64
Q

Parasite of monkeys

A

Strongyloides fulleborni

65
Q

Strongyloides spp that causes swamp itch, and infects nutria and racoon

A

S. Myopotami, s. Procyonis

66
Q

Pinworm or seatworm

A

Enterobius vermicularis

67
Q

Causative agent of oxyuriasis/enetrobiasis

A

E. Vermicularis

68
Q

Nematode where female migrate to perianal region and deposit eggs on perianal region or die on the sit.

A

Enterobius vermicularis

69
Q

Eggs of E. Vermicularis are infective w/n…

70
Q

Female vs male adult E. Vermicularis

A

Female: larger than male, sharply pointed tail, posterior end
Male: shorter and stout, pointed posterior

71
Q

D-shaped ova (ovoid but flat on one side)

A

E. Vermicularis

72
Q

Most effective and recommended method of diagnosis of E. Vermicularis ova or adult male

A

Cellophane tape swab
Scotch tape swab

73
Q

Pinworm paddle

A

E. Vermicularis

74
Q

T/F: Ova are rarely deposited on inside the intestine on E. Vermicularis infection

A

TRUE.

Deposit eggs on perianal region

75
Q

Enterobius vermicularis

Infective stage:
MOI:
Adult habitat:
Diagnosis stage:

A

Embryonated ova, larvae (retroinfection)
Ingestion/Inhalation
Large intestine
Ova (usually); adult (occasionally)

76
Q

Pudoc Worm

A

Capillaria philippinensis

77
Q

Number of hosts required to complete life cycle of C. Philippinensis

78
Q

Hosts of C. Philippinensis

Definitive:
Intermediate:

A

Fish-eating birds
Fish

79
Q

Unique reproduction occus where 1st time to be gravid produce larva; egg hatches w/n the uterus and release larvae occurs in…

A

C. Philippinensis

80
Q

Larviparous -
Oviparous -

A

Release larva
Release eggs

81
Q

Adult female morphology of C. Philippinesis is similar to…

A

Trichuris trichuira

Posterior end is thicker than anterior end
Male does NOT have 360 coil
LONG SHEATHED SPICULE - main diff between the two

82
Q

Flat polar plugs appear in T. Trichuira and…

A

C. Philippinensis

83
Q

Peanut shaped (striated shell)

A

Ova of C. Philippinensis

84
Q

Borborygmus, internal autoinfection are few clinical manifestations of…

A

C. Philippinnensis

85
Q

Antigen detection on stool samples for C. Philippinensis

A

Coproantigen Detection

86
Q

Capillaria philippinensis:

Infective stage -
MOI -
Adult habitat -
Diagnosis -

A

Larva
Ingestion of raw/insufficiently cooked fish
Small intestines
Ova in stool

87
Q

Zoonotic parasite, parasite of herbivores where humans are accidental host and is closely related to hookworms.

A

Trichostrongylys orientalis

88
Q

T/F: T.orientalis has heart-lung migration

89
Q

T/F: T. Orientalis’ ova is tapered in one end

90
Q

T. Orientalis clinical manifestations

A

Significant blood loss
Emaciation

91
Q

Trichostrongylus orientalis

Infected stage -
MOI -
Adult habitat -
Diagnostic stage -

A

Filariform
Ingestion
Small intestine
Ova in stool

92
Q

Intestinal parasites of marine mammals

A

Anisakid worms

93
Q

Intermediate host of Anisakid worms

A

Crustaceans (shrimp, cray fish, crab)

94
Q

Stage 3 larva will only develop in…

A

Suitable host (large fish or squid)

95
Q

Summary of life cycle of Anisakid worms:

A

Eggs on feces - embryonization - release Stage 2 larva - eaten by crustaceans - eaten by paratenic host - eaten by larger fish/squid = stage 3 larva - adult in intestines

96
Q

T/F: Humans are definitive host of Anisakid worms

A

False. Only accidental if ate raw/insufficiently cooked fish -> perforate/embed GI tract (either die or removed surgically)

97
Q

Definitive diagnosis of anisakid infections (aniisakiasis.anisakidosis)

A

Actual demonstration of worms from gastroscopy, vomit

**Inject dte to stain GI tract = visualize

98
Q

Differentiate structures of Anisakid worms

Anisakis -
Pseudoterannova
Contracaecum

A

Simplest
Extensions of intestines that more anteriorly
Ventricular appendix

99
Q

Ansiakid Worms

Infective stage:
MOI:
Adult Habitat:
Diagnostic stage:

A

Stage 3 larva
Ingestion (raw/insufficiently cooked)
Intestinal wall/stomach
Stage 3 larva

100
Q

Most common blood and tissue nematode that is associated w/ human infection

A

Trichinella spiralis

101
Q

Most common meat associated w/ T. Spiralis

102
Q

Stage of parasitic maturity that causes clinical manifestations in T. Spiralis infection

A

Larval stage

103
Q

T. Spiralis infection where larva deposited by adults in…

A

Mucosa of intestines

Larva finds blood vessel - striated muscle - coil up - secrete substance = create cyst wall —> ingested by another host - intestine = adult

104
Q

Male and female adult T. Spiralis can be differentiated through..

A

Presence of cloaca (male) - 2 large appendages, 2 pairs of papilla

104
Q

Male and female adult T. Spiralis can be differentiated through..

A

Presence of cloaca (male) - 2 large appendages, 2 pairs of papilla

105
Q

Beck’s Xenodiagnosis used for identification of..

A

Trichinella spiralis infection on meat samples (not ideal for human tissue)

106
Q

Trichinella Spiralis

Infected stage:
MOI:
Adult habitat:
Diagnostic stage:

A

Encysted larva
Ingestion of raw/insufficiently cooked meat (pork)
Intestines
Encysted larva (biopsy), serologic test

107
Q

Previously named as Angiostrongylus cantonensis

A

Parastongylus cantonensis

108
Q

Rat lungworm

A

Parastongylus cantonensis

109
Q

Copulate and produce eggs in lungs

A

Parastrongylus cantonensis

May end up in mucuc secretions

110
Q

Intermediate hosts of P. Cantonensis

A

Snails, slugs

111
Q

T/F: In human infection of P. Cantonensis, severe form of infection because larva cannot migrate from CNS/brain to the lungs to mature. Unlike in Rats.

112
Q

Adult female: Barber’s pole appearance

A

P. Cantonensis

Uterus wrap around the length of GI tract

113
Q

Counterpart of copulatory bursa of hookworms in P. Cantonensis

A

Cordal bursa

114
Q

Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by…

A

Parastrongylus cantonensis

115
Q

To diagnose P. Cantonensis, criteria to diagnose include:

A

History of exposure
Spinal fluid eosinophilia (>10%)
Mildly ELEV CFS protein
Larvae/Young adult in CSF
CT Scan
Serologic test

116
Q

Parastongylus cantonensis

Infective stage -
MOI -
Adult habitat -
Diagnostic stage -

A

3rd stage larva
Ingestion
Brain (natural host rats: lungs)
Larva/young adults

117
Q

Parastrongylys costaricensis principally found in…

A

Costa Rica

118
Q

Human infections associated w/…

A

Ingestion of slugs and raw vegetables

119
Q

P. Costaricensis found in…

A

Mesenteric veins

120
Q

Larvae of P. Costaricensis can cause…

A

Granuloma formation

Parasitology (3 decks)

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