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Question 1

What is surface salinity?

Answer 1

The total amount of salt dissolved in seawater .

Relatively constant.

Question 2

What are the properties of light in saltwater?

Answer 2

Relatively transparent.

Important for photosynthesis.

Question 3

What are the properties of light in the open ocean?

Answer 3

Very transparent as there are fewer photosynthesizers.

Question 4

What are the properties of light in coastal areas?

Answer 4

Less transparent

More abiotic and biotic organisms

Question 5

What color is absorbed first in the water?

Answer 5

Red

Question 6

Why is the ocean blue?

Answer 6

Because the color blue is absorbed last

Question 7

What is very turbid water?

Answer 7

Cloudy with sediments.

The water absorbs blue wavelengths quicker to make water appear yellow-green. All light does not penetrate very deep.

Question 8

What is moderately turbid coastal water?

Answer 8

Clear except for plankton so it appears greenish

Question 9

What is clear water?

Answer 9

Has little to no plankton or sediment. Essentially equivalent to pure water.
Will be blue with light that penetrates the deepest.

Question 10

What are tides?

Answer 10

The rising and falling of Earth’s ocean surface

Question 11

What are tides caused by?

Answer 11

Complex interactions between gravitational and rotation forces acting on Earth’s moon-sun system.

Question 12

What is the intertidal zone?

Answer 12

A strip of seashore that is submerged at the high tide and exposed at low tide.

Question 13

What are spring tides?

Answer 13

The largest difference between the highest high tide and the lowest low tide (new moon and full moon)

Question 14

What is a neap tide?

Answer 14

The smallest range between the highest high tide and the lowest tide (1st and 3rd quarter moon)

Question 15

What is the tidal range?

Answer 15

Tides usually have a cycle of 2 lows and two highs per day.

Question 16

What are semi-diurnal tides?

Answer 16

2 high and 2 lows of roughly equal magnitude.

Found on the East coast of N. America, Europe, and Africa.

Question 17

What are mixed semi-diurnal tides?

Answer 17

A high high tide, 1 low low tide, 1 smaller high tide, 1 smaller low tide.
Found on the west coast of Canada and the US.

Question 18

What are diurnal tides?

Answer 18

one high and one low tide per day

Uncommon

Question 19

What is some evidence that early life began in the ocean?

Answer 19

Stromatolites
Hydrothermal vents
Cyanobacteria

Question 20

Why does the size of an organism matter?

Answer 20

Because organisms need to be able to exchange water, nutrients, waste products, and gases with the marine environment.
More surface area = the greater the exchange of materials across the surface of the organism
Surface area / Volume (SA/V) is higher with smaller organisms.

Question 21

What are some theories that bacteria density is constant on the surface of the ocean

Answer 21

• Sinking: bacteria attach onto organic material from other organisms and sinks into the sediment
• Predation
• Infection by marine viruses

Question 22

Why is nitrogen fixation important?

Answer 22

Essential for growth for diatoms

Question 23

What are the steps of endosymbiosis

Answer 23

1: Prokaryotic ancestor was engulfed by another prokaryote which became a mitochondrion (organelle used in respiration)
2. A eukaryotic ancestor engulfed a photosynthetic prokaryote (cyanobacterium), which became a chloroplast.

Question 24

What is secondary endosymbiosis?

Answer 24

Lost their original chloroplast and then acquired a new type by engulfing a photosynthetic eukaryote

Question 25

What is tertiary endosymbiosis?

Answer 25

the eukaryotic host engulfed other photosynthetic eukaryotes at least two separate times.

Question 26

Describe plastid evolution

Answer 26

Prokaryote engulfs prokaryote
Eukaryote engulfs prokaryote
Eukaryote engulfs eukaryote.

Question 27

How does asexual reproduction work in diatoms?

Answer 27

Frustules separate & each forms a new ‘smaller’ diatom.
One cell is the original size and one is smaller
Eventually, diatoms become too small to divide asexually; @ about 25% or orig. size.
During ASEXUAL reproduction, diatom cells only make NEW hypothecas

Question 28

How does sexual reproduction work in diatoms?

Answer 28

Fertilized small diatoms shed frustules & produce a ‘naked’ cell, called an auxospore.
Auxospores enlarge to the original cell size and form a new frustule.
When nutrients and light are replete, an asexual cycle is initiated

Question 29

How do dinoflagellates reproduce?

Answer 29

Binary fission (asexual): Theca splits & each half forms a new dinoflagellate of the same size
Sexual reproduction: Planozygote–Fused ‘male’ and ‘female’ Resting cyst–facilitates survival through harsh environmental conditions and amerging dinoflagellate from the cyst.