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anatomy practical 1 > need to go over first > Flashcards

need to go over first Flashcards

1
Q

Parallel muscle fibers

A

longer and produce more range of motion that oblique muscle fibers, includes: Strap, fusiform, and triangular

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2
Q

Oblique muscle fibers

A

shorter, more numerous and produce more force, includes: unipennaate, bipennate, multipennate

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3
Q

Strap

A

long and thin, with fibers running the entire length oof muscle, ex: sternocleidomastoid, rectus abdominis

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4
Q

Fusiform

A

spindle shaped, wide in the middle and tapers towards ends, ex: biceps brachii

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5
Q

Triangular

A

flat and fan shaped, ex: trapezius, pectorals major

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6
Q

Unipennate

A

look like one side of a feather, short fibers attaching diagonally along the length of a central tendon, ex: tibialis posterior

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7
Q

Bipennate

A

looks like a common feather, obliquely attached to both sides of a central tendon, ex: rectus femoris

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8
Q

Multipennate

A

have many tendons with oblique fibers in between, ex: deltoids

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9
Q

Active insufficiency

A

point at which a muscle can’t shorten any farther, occurs to the agonist, ex: hamstrings have become actively insufficient when you try to flex your knee while your hip is extended, can’t complete full knee flexion

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10
Q

Passive insufficiency

A

occurs when a multijoint muscle can’t be lengthened any farther without damage to its fibers, occurs to the antagonist, ex: flexing your hips to touch your toes while knee is extended, hamstrings will be passively insufficient

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11
Q

tenodesis

A

tendon action of a muscle, ex: quadriplegic pronating the forearm ti cause the wrist to fall into flexion which opens the fingers

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12
Q

isometric muscle contraction

A

muscle attachments don’t move

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13
Q

isotonic contraction

A

eccentric or concentric, remember whether against or with gravity

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14
Q

isokinetic contractions

A

speed of the motion stays the same for the duration of the contraction

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15
Q

closed kinetic chain

A

distal segment fixed, proximal segment moves, ex: pull up

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16
Q

open kinetic chain

A

distal segment free, proximal segment stationary, ex: extending knee when sitting on a chair

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17
Q

Lymphatic system

A
  • returns protein and water FROM interstitial to the cardiovascular system
  • absorbs protein, fat and fat soluble vitamins through the interstitial lymph vessels
  • recognizes and responds to foreign cells, microbes, and cancer cells (immune support)
  • thoracic duct (largest duct) drains entire left side and both lower extremities
  • right lymphatic duct drains right upper extremity and head and neck
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18
Q

Heart sounds:
Lub

Dub

A
  • atrioventricle valve closes in both the right and left atrium
  • pulmonary and aortic valves closing
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19
Q

Capillaries

A

where arteries and veins come together

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20
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Pulmonary circuit to systemic Circuit and back around

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21
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Transports oxygen depleted blood from body through right side of the heart to lungs via pulmonary arteries (blue), where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen before going to the left side of heart (when it turns red)

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22
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Blood is oxygenated within the lungs, loops through left side of heart out to capillaries where oxygen blood is exchanged for Deoxygenated blood which returns via veins to the heart

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23
Q

veins

arteries

A
  • return blood to heart

- delivered blood away from heart to body

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24
Q

hemorrhage

cerebral hemorrhage

A
  • bleeding occurs when a break in a blood vessel allows blood to leak out of the closed system
  • occurs within the confines of the bony skull
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25
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Condition where the heart can’t pump strongly enough to push an adequate supply of blood out to the various parts of the body, blood flowing from the heart slows, blood returning to the heart through the veins backs up, causing congestion in the body’s tissues; often results in edema

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26
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A type of arteriosclerosis, is when fatty deposits in the artery wall causing narrowing or blockage of the vessel

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27
Q

varicose veins

A

Occur as the blood pools in the vein enlarging it even more, this condition is more common in superficial veins of the legs

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28
Q

Thrombosis

A

Formation of a blood clot that may partially or totally block a blood vessel

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29
Q

Lymphedema

A

accumulation of excess lymph and swelling, commonly involves the arms or legs

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30
Q

Parallel forces

A

Occur in the same plane and in the same or opposite direction, ex: three forces of the back brace

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31
Q

Linear force

A

Two or more forces acting the same line, ex: two people pulling on the same rope but in opposite direction like tug of war

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32
Q

Concurrent forces

A

Two or more forces must act on common point but must pull or push in different directions

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33
Q

Force couple

A

Occurs when two or more forces act in different directions, resulting in a turning effect, ex: scapula rotates as a result of upper trap pulling up and in, lower trap pulls down, serratus anterior pulls out

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34
Q

Torque

A

moment of force, ability of force to produce rotation around an axis

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35
Q

First-class lever (bones are levers, joints are fulcrums)

A

Load – fulcrum - effort ex: moving head up and down

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36
Q

Second-class lever (bones are levers, joints are fulcrums)

A

Fulcrum - load - effort ex: plantar flexing (walking on tip toes)

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37
Q

Third-class lever (bones are levers, joints are fulcrums)

A

load - effort - fulcrum ex: bicep curl in weight training

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38
Q

gravity

A

external force

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39
Q

Trunk extension muscles

A

erector spinae (longissimus, ilioscostalis, spinalis), transversospinalis muscles (multifidus), interspinales muscles, intertransversarii muscles

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40
Q

quadratus lumborum

A

pelvic elevation and trunk lateral flexion (like turning to buckle your seat belt)
O- iliac crest
I- 12th rib, Transverse processes of all five lumbar vertebrae
A- trunk lateral bending
N- 12th thoracic and first lumbar nerves

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41
Q

trunk flexion muscles

A

rectus abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique, transverse abdominis (main role is compression of abdomen, not a strong trunk flexor but is an anterior muscle)

42
Q

diaphragm

A

O- xiphoid process, ribs, lumbar vertebrae
I- central tendon
A- inspiration (contracting)
N- phrenic

43
Q

external intercostals

A

O- rib above
I- rib below
A- elevate ribs during inspiration
N- intercostal nerve

44
Q

internal intercostals

A

O- rib below
I- rib above
A- depress ribs during expiration
N- intercostal nerve

45
Q

Quiet expiration

A

just sitting there, muscles: relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals, recoil of thoracic wall, lungs and bronchi, gravity, internal intercostals in assistive role

46
Q

forced expiration

A

yoga class or trying to catch your breath, muscles: internal intercostals plus external and internal obliques, transverse abdomens, rectus abdomens, quadrates lumborum, serratus posterior inferior

47
Q

quiet inspiration

A

occurs about 70% of the time, muscles: diaphragm, external intercostals

48
Q

deep inspiration

A

like during yoga, muscles: muscles of quiet inspiration plus sternocleidomastoid, scaliness, pectorals major, levator costarum, serratus posterior superior

49
Q

Forced inspiration

A

just ran as fast as you could or have COPD, muscles: muscles of quiet and deep inspiration plus legator scapula, upper trapezius, rhomboids, pectorals minor

50
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

O- sternum and clavicle
I- mastoid process
A- B: flexes neck, hyperextends head, U: laterally bends the neck and rotates face to opposite side
N- accessory nerve, and second and third cervical nerves

51
Q

Scalene muscles (anterior, middle, posterior)

implications if tight

A

O-transcerse processes of the cervical vertebra
I- 1st and 2nd ribs
A- B: assists in neck flexion, U: neck lateral bending
N- lower cervical nerves

-if tight causes compression to brachial plexus, leads to thoracic outlet syndrome

52
Q

splenius capitis muscle

A

O- lower half of nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7 through T3
I- lateral occipital bone, mastoid process
A- B: extend head and neck, U: laterally bend and rotate face to same side
N- middle and lower cervical nerves

53
Q

splenius cervicis muscle

A

O- spinous process of T3 to T6
I- transverse processes of C1 to C3
A- B: extend neck, U: laterally bend and rotate the face to same side
N- middle and lower cervical nerves

54
Q

rectus abdominis

A

O- pubic crest
I- xiphoid process and costal cartilages of 5th to 7th ribs
A- trunk flexion, compression of abdomen

55
Q

external oblique

A

O- iliac crest, pubic tubercle, and linea alba
I- lower 8 ribs laterally
A- B: trunk flexion, compression of abdomen, U: ipsilateral lateral bending, contralateral rotation

56
Q

internal oblique

A

O- nuchal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia
I- 8th through 12th ribs, linea alba
A- B: trunk flexion, compression of abdomen, U: ipsilateral lateral bending, ipsilateral rotation

57
Q

transverse abdominis

A

O- inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia and costal cartilages of the last 7 ribs
I- pubic crest, abdominal aponeurosis, linea alba
A- compression of abdomen

58
Q

Erector Spinae muscles:
Iliocostalis (cervicis, thoracis, lumborum)

Longissimus (capitis, cervicis, thoracis)

Spinalis (capitis, cervicis, thoracis)

A

O- iliac crest, lower ribs
I- angles of ribs, upper ribs, transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
A(same for longissimus and spinalis)- B: extend neck and trunk, U: rotate head and laterally bend neck and trunk to same side
N(same for longissimus and spinals)- spinal nerves

O- transverse processes at lower levels
I- transverse processes at upper levels, mastoid process

O- spinous processes below
I- spinous processes above

59
Q

transversopspinalis

A

O- transverse process below
I- spinous process above
A- B: trunk/neck extension, U: contralateral rotation (head/neck/trunk)

60
Q

interspinalis

A

O- spinous process below
I- spinous process above
A- neck/trunk extension

61
Q

intertransversarii

A

O- transverse process below
I- transverse process above
A- ipsilateral neck/trunk lateral bending

62
Q

cervical retraction

A

flexion at C1, extension of neck C2-C7, tucking in chin

63
Q

cervical protraction

A

extension at C1, flexion of neck C2-C7, pushing chin out

64
Q

Functional impact of posture on TMJ: forward head

A

suprahyoids and infra hyoids on stretch, which causes mandible to be in a position of retrusion

65
Q

temporalis muscle

A

O- temporal fossa
I- coronoid process and ramus of mandible
A- B: elevation, retrusion, U: ipsilateral lateral deviation
N- trigeminal

66
Q

Masseter

A

O- zygomatic arch of temporal bone and zygomatic process of maxilla
I- angle of rams and coronoid process of mandible
A- B: elevation of jaw, U: ipsilateral lateral deviation
N- trigeminal

67
Q

Medial pterygoid

A

O- lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone and tuberosity of the maxilla
I- ramus and angle of the mandible
A- B: elevation, Protrusion, U: contralateral lateral deviation
N- trigeminal

68
Q

Lateral pterygoid

A

O- lateral pterygoid plate and greater wing of the sphenoid
I- mandibular condyle and articular disk
A- B: depression, protrusion, U: contralateral lateral deviation
N: trigeminal

69
Q

Mylohyoid

A

O- interior medial mandible
I- hyoid
A- assists in depressing mandible
N- trigeminal

70
Q

Geniohyoid

A

O- mental spine of mandible
I- hyoid
A- assists in depressing mandible
N- C1 via hypoglossal nerve

71
Q

Stylohyoid

A

O- styloid process of temporal bone
I- hyoid
A- assists in depressing mandible
N- facial nerve

72
Q

Digastric

A 
O- anterior: internal inferior mandible
     posterior: mastoid process
I- via pulley like tendon to hyoid
A- assists in depressing mandible
N- trigeminal nerve and facial nerve
73
Q

Sternohyoid

A

O- medial end of clavicle, sternoclavicular ligament, to manubrium
I- inferior border hyoid bone
A- stabilize hyoid bone
N- hypoglossal

74
Q

Sternothyroid

A

O- manubrium and cartilage of the first rib
I- thyroid cartilage
A- stabilize hyoid
N- hypoglossal

75
Q

thyrohyoid muscle

A

O- thyroid cartilage
I- inferior border of hyoid
A- stabilize hyoid
N- hypoglossal

76
Q

Omohyoid

A

O- superior border of the scapula
I- inferior border of hyoid
A- stabilize hyoid bone
N- hypoglossal nerve

77
Q

Prime movers TMJ joint:

Elevation

Depression

Protrusion

Retrusion

Ipsilateral lateral deviation

Contralateral lateral deviation

A
  • temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid
  • lateral pterygoid, gravity, digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid
  • lateral and medial pterygoid
  • temporalis (posterior)
  • temporalis, masseter
  • medial and lateral pterygoid
78
Q

Atlantooccipital joint

A

-Head and C1 (atlas)
-motion: flexion and extension
Nodding head yes

79
Q

Atlantoaxial joint

A

C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)
Motion: rotation, some lateral bending
Shaking head no

80
Q

cranial nerve lesions and deficits associated

A

CN1- loss of smell (anosmia)
CN2- loss of pupillary constriction, visual field defects
CN3- dilated pupil, decreased pupillary reflex, eyes turned down and out
CN4- inability of eye to look down when eye is adducted
CN5- loss of pain and touch sensation to a lot of the face, decreased ability to move mouth (masseter and temporal is don’t contract)
CN6- hard time moving the eye laterally
CN7- paralysis of facial muscles, can have change in taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
CN8- may have loss of hearing, change in balance, ringing in ear
CN9- loss of taste on posterior 3rd of tongue, loss of sensation on soft palate
CN10- can have damage to vocal cords and difficulty speaking
CN11- paralysis or weakness of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius (drooping of shoulder example)
CN12- difficulty w/ some kind of tongue movement

81
Q

Upper respiratory infection

A

any infection

82
Q

pneumonia

A

lower respiratory infection (most common), it is an inflammation of the alveoli caused by a bacterial or viral infection

83
Q

emphysema

A

destruction and enlargement of air spaces

84
Q

Bronchitis

A

Causes increased mucus and inflammation

85
Q

Asthma

A

Usually due to spasm of bronchial walls, makes exhalation very difficult

86
Q

pleurisy

A

painful condition caused by inflammation of pleura

87
Q

pneumothorax

A

collapsed lung, occurs by introducing air into or otherwise destroying the vacuum of the pleural cavity, reducing ventilation capacity

88
Q

Blood flow through heart

A

Superior/inferior vena cava/coronary sinus-right atrium-tricuspid valve-right ventricle-pulmonary valve-pulmonary arteries-lungs-pulmonary veins-left atrium-bicuspid valve-left ventricle-aortic valve-aorta-body

89
Q

air flow through lungs to provide oxygen to body

A

nasal cavity/mouth-pharynx-larynx-trachea-bronchii-bronchiole-alveoli

90
Q

End feel:

Hard

Firm

Soft

A
  • bone hits bone (example: elbow extension), no give on overpressure
  • stretching or springy feel (example: hip flexion), slight give on overpressure
  • soft tissue hits soft tissue (example: elbow or knee flexion), approximation
91
Q

Suprahyoid muscles

A

group of muscles located above hyoid, connect hyoid to skull (mandible), includes: myylohyoid, geniohyoid, stylohyoid, digastric, all assist in mandibular depression

92
Q

Infrahyoid muscles

A

Located below the hyoid bone and serve to stabilize it, includes sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid

93
Q

vertebral curves

A

Provide the vertebral column with much more strength and resilience

94
Q

Spinal stenosis

A

Narrowing of the vertebral canal that houses the spinal cord

95
Q

Herniated discs

A

Occur when there’s a weakness or degeneration of the annulus fibrosis, allows a portion of the nucleus pulposus to bulge or herniate through

96
Q

Compression fractures

A

result in collapse of the anterior portion of the vertebrae, usually caused by trauma in the lumbar region or by osteoporosis in the thoracic region

97
Q

open-packed position

A

resting position, minimal congruency between articular surfaces, parts of capsule and supporting ligaments are lax, joint mobilization techniques are best applied in the open-packed position, these allow for the roll, spin, and glide

98
Q

Close-packed position

A

ligaments and capsule holding the joint together are taut, when the joint is congruent, the joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other, are tightly compressed and difficult to distract, usually occurs at one extreme of the range of motion, when ligaments and capsular structures are tested for stability and integrity the joint is placed in this position, example: patellar movement is not possible with knee flexion

99
Q

Osteokinematic motion

A

Movement of bones around a joint axis (example: humerus moving on scapula) , movements such as flexion, extension, lateral bending, etc., joint motion adduction, dorsiflexion

100
Q

arthrokinematic motion

A

Joint surface motion during osteokinemtic joint movement such as roll, glide, and spin

anatomy practical 1 (4 decks)

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