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Kinesiology Exam Two > Neck & Trunk > Flashcards

Neck & Trunk Flashcards

1
Q

List 5 Major Functions of the Vertebral Column

A
  1. Base of support for head and internal organs
  2. Links upper & lower extremities
  3. Provides mobility for trunk
  4. It is a stable base to attach ligaments/bones/mm of the external rib cage and pelvis
  5. PROTECTS SPINAL CORD
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2
Q

Name 5 segments of vertebral column

A

Cervical; Thoracic; Lumbar; Sacrum; Coccyx

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3
Q

of vertebrae in Cervical segment

A

7

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4
Q

of vertebrae in Thoracic segment

A

12

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5
Q

of vertebrae in Lumbar segment

A

5

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6
Q

of vertebrae in Sacral segment

A

5

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7
Q

of vertebrae in Coccygeal segment

A

4

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8
Q

“Thoracic and sacral-coccygeal curves are ________ (concave or convex) _________ (anteriorly or posteriorly) and are also known as __________ curves”

A
  1. convex
  2. posteriorly
  3. primary
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9
Q

True or False:

       The entire spine is convex posteriorly at birth
A

True

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10
Q

“Cervical and lumbar curves are __________ (concave or convex) _____________ (anteriorly or posteriorly) and are also known as _____________ curves”

A
  1. concave
  2. posteriorly
  3. secondary
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11
Q

“The development of the secondary curves helps to redistribute the _____ as the infant develops more mature motor patterns”

A

COG

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12
Q

Name two primary curves of the spine

A

Thoracic and sacral-coccygeal

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13
Q

Name two secondary curves of the spine

A

Cervical and lumbar

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14
Q

Primary curves have an anterior __________ (concavity or convexity) and a posterior __________ (concavity or convexity)

A
  1. Anterior concavity

2. Posterior convexity

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15
Q

Primary curves are also known as ________ curves

A

Kyphotic

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16
Q

Secondary curves have an anterior __________ (concavity or convexity) and a posterior ____________ (concavity or convexity)

A
  1. Anterior convexity

2. Posterior concavity

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17
Q

Secondary curves are also known as _______ curves

A

Lordotic

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18
Q

True or False:

The structure of a vertebrae consists of two parts: an anterior vertebral body and a posterior vertebral arch

A

True

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19
Q

A vertebral arch has ____ articulating facets (#) and _____ processes (#)

A

4, 3

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20
Q

What is a function of the facets?

A

Join the vertebrae together

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21
Q

What is a function of the processes?

A

They provide sites for attachment of ligaments and muscles

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22
Q

True or False:

“With the exception of the lumber vertebrae, the orientation of these facets largely determines the types of motion that are available in the spinal column”

A

False - with the exception of the CERVICAL vertebrae, not the lumbar vertebrae

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23
Q

True or False:

Superior facets articulate with the inferior facets from the vertebrae immediately above

A

True

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24
Q

All of the vertebral joints, with the exception of the atlantoaxial joint, is a diarthrodial ________ joint

A

Plane

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25
Q

The atlantoaxial joint is a diarthrodial ___________ joint

A

Pivot

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26
Q

What articulates with the ribs to form diarthrodial plane joints?

A

Transverse processes

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27
Q

What provides sites for attachments of the ligaments?

A

Spinous processes

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28
Q

What joins the posterior part of the vertebrae to the anterior vertebral body?

A

Pedicles (2)

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29
Q

True or False:

Two laminae, or posterior half of the arch (begin posterior to the transverse processes) joins to form the peak of the arch and continue posteriorly to form the spinous process

A

True

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30
Q

List the 2 main purposes of the intervertebral disc

A
  1. Absorb shock

2. Act as an axis for turning

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31
Q

What is the gelatinous middle section of an intervertebral disc called?

A

Nucleus pulposus

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32
Q

What is the dense ring of fibrocartilagenous fibers that encloses/keeps the nucleus pulposus in place called?

A

Annulus

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33
Q

What area of the spine would you find the greatest ability for movement? (what segment)

A

Cervical

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34
Q

Flexion is forward bending in the ________ plane, which causes separation of the spinous processes

A

Sagittal

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35
Q

Flexion is greatest in these two spinal segments:

A
  1. Cervical

2. Lumbar

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36
Q

Hyperextension is backward bending in the _______ plane, which causes the spinous processes to move closer together

A

Sagittal

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37
Q

True or False:

There is moderate flexion that occurs in the thoracic area due to facet orientation and the tension produced on the rib cage

A

True

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38
Q

True or False:

There is a great amount of hyperextension that occurs in the thoracic area

A

False! It is LIMITED due to the long spinous processes, the frontal orientation of the facets, and tension in the rib cage

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39
Q

Lateral flexion is sideways bending in the ________ plane

A

Frontal

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40
Q

Lateral flexion is greatest in the _________ segment, moderate in the __________ segment, and more limited in the _______ segment

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar

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41
Q

True or False:

Some slight rotation of the spine is involved with lateral flexion

A

True

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42
Q

Rotation occurs in the ____________ plane

A

Horizontal

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43
Q

Rotation is greatest in the _________ segment, moderate in the ___________ segment, and more limited in the ___________ segment

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar

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44
Q

“Whenever rotation occurs in the spine below the _____th cervical vertebra, it is accompanied by a slight amount of lateral flexion to the same side”

A

7th

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45
Q

Intervertebral joints join vertebral bodies together and they are ______________ joints

A

Synarthrodial

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46
Q

Facet joints are articulations between arches and they are ____________ joints

A

Diarthrodial plane

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47
Q

Superior facets of the cervical region face ____________ (superiorly or inferiorly) and ____________ (medially or laterally)

A

Superiorly, medially

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48
Q

Inferior facets of the cervical region face ____________ (superiorly or inferiorly) and ____________ (medially or laterally)

A

Inferiorly, laterally

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49
Q

Movement in the cervical region (list 5)

A

Flexion, extension, hyperextension, rotation, lateral flexion (bending)

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50
Q

What plane are the facets of the cervical region in?

A

They are at an oblique angle, halfway between the horizontal and frontal planes

51
Q

Facets of the thoracic region:

Superiorly, they face ________ (anteriorly or posteriorly) and _________ (medially or laterally)

Inferiorly, they face _______ (anteriorly or posteriorly) and __________ (medially or laterally)

A

Superior facets: Posteriorly and laterally

Inferior facets: Anteriorly and medially

52
Q

Movement in the thoracic region (list 2)

A

Lateral flexion and rotation

53
Q

What plane are the facets of the thoracic region in?

A

Frontal

54
Q

Superior facets of the lumbar region face ______ (medially or laterally) and __________ (anteriorly or posteriorly)

A

Medially and posteriorly

55
Q

Inferior facets of the lumbar region face ____________ (laterally or medially) and ___________ (anteriorly or posteriorly)

A

Laterally and anteriorly

56
Q

Movement in the lumbar region (list 4)

A

Flexion, extension, hyperextension, and lateral flexion

57
Q

What place are the facets of the lumbar region in?

A

Sagittal

58
Q

Costovertebral joints are those in which the _____ join with the vertebral column

A

Ribs

59
Q

The lumbosacral joint is an area built for ___________

A

Stability (it provides support for the entire weight of the body)

60
Q

What is the sacroiliac (SI) joint composed of? (what is the articulation)

A

The articulation of the first three sacral vertebrae with the ilium

61
Q

The sacrum is composed of what?

A

5 sacral vertebrae that are fused to form the triangular structure

62
Q

What is the primary purpose of the vertebral ligaments?

A

Provide stability

63
Q

The anterior longitudinal ligament runs down the spinal column from the 2nd cervical vertebra to the sacrum. It limits ______ of the back

A

Extension

64
Q

The posterior longitudinal ligament runs along the anterior portion of the vertebral canal along all vertebrae. It limits _________

A

Flexion

65
Q

The ligamentum flavum is a thick, elastic ligament that is located on the posterior surface of the vertebral canal. The fibers of this ligament run continuous down the entire length of the canal from the 2nd cervical vertebra to the sacrum. It limits _________, especially in the _________ segment of the spine

A

Flexion; lumbar

66
Q

The supraspinous ligament runs along the tip of the spinous processes from the 7th cervical vertebra to the sacrum. It prevents _________ of the spinous processes

A

separation (exerts some influence on limiting flexion)

67
Q

The interspinous ligament is well developed only in lumbar area. It prevents ___________ of the spinous processes

A

separation (also exerts some influence on limiting flexion)

68
Q

The intertransverse ligaments are only well developed in the lumbar area. They limit _________ of the trunk

A

Lateral flexion

69
Q

What is another name for C1?

A

Atlas

70
Q

What is another name for C2?

A

Axis

71
Q

True or False:

C1/Atlas has no body, no spinous process, and is ring-shaped

A

True

72
Q

The joint between the atlas and occipital bone is called the ______________

A

Atlanto-occipital joint

73
Q

Movement allowed at the atlanto-occipital joint (2)

A

Flexion and extension

74
Q

What is the special process that arises from the anterior portion of the Axis/C2 called?

A

Dens/Odontoid process

75
Q

The atlanto-axial joint is composed of ________ (#) joints

A

3

76
Q

What ligament encases the dens and allows for rotation?

A

Transverse ligament

77
Q

C3-C6 vertebral bodies are relatively __________ (small or large) to the discs, which are proportionally _______ (small or large)

A

Small; large

78
Q

Discs provide _______ while allowing ________ in all directions (in regards to cervical vertebrae)

A

Stability; motion

79
Q

When acting together, the STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID muscle is a prime mover for: (1)

A

Flexion of the head and neck

80
Q

When acting alone, the STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID muscle is a prime mover for: (2)

A

Flexing the head and neck laterally AND rotating it to the opposite side

81
Q

When acting together, the SCALENE muscles assist in: (1)

A

Head flexion

82
Q

When acting alone, the SCALENE muscles are prime movers for: (1)

A

Lateral flexion of the head to one side

83
Q

When acting together, the SPLENIUS CAPITIS and SPLENIUS CERVICIS muscles are prime movers for: (2)

A

Extension and hyperextension of the head and neck

84
Q

When acting alone, the SPLENIUS CAPITIS and SPLENIUS CERVICIS muscles are prime movers for: (2)

A

Lateral flexion and rotation of the head to the same side

85
Q

When acting together, the SUBOCCIPITAL GROUP assists in: (3)

A

Extension, lateral flexion, and rotation of the head to the same side

86
Q

What is a primary function of the deep posterior group muscles?

A

Stabilize spine

87
Q

When acting together (bilaterally), the DEEP POSTERIOR GROUP muscles are prime movers for: (2)

A

Extension of the head and neck

88
Q

When acting alone (unilaterally), the DEEP POSTERIOR GROUP muscles are prime movers for: (2)

A

Lateral flexion and rotation to the opposite side

89
Q

When acting alone, SEMISPINALIS CERVICIS, CAPITUS, and THORACIS muscles are prime movers for: (2)

A

Lateral flexion and rotation of the head to the same side (cervicis is the prime mover here)

90
Q

When acting together, SEMISPINALIS CERVICIS, CAPITUS, and THORACIS muscles are prime movers for: (1)

A

Extension of the head and trunk

91
Q

When acting together, the ERECTOR SPINAE muscle group is a prime mover for: (2)

A

Extension and hyperextension of the trunk and head

92
Q

When acting alone, the ERECTOR SPINAE muscle group is a prime mover for: (1)

A

Rotation to the same side

93
Q

True or False:

The erector spinae muscle group acts as a brake doing lengthening eccentric contractions during controlled forward flexion. In coming up to stand, it does concentric contractions.

A

True

94
Q

When acting alone, the PREVERTEBRAL GROUP of muscles is a prime mover for: (1)

A

Flexing the head and neck laterally

95
Q

When acting together, the PREVERTEBRAL GROUP of muscles is a prime mover for: (1)

A

Flexion of the head and neck

96
Q

What ligament provides the stability for the atlantoaxial joint of the cervical region of the spine?

A

Transverse ligament

97
Q

True or False:

The cervical region demonstrates the least amount of flexibility of the entire vertebral column

A

False - it demonstrates the most

98
Q

Name the 3 anterior muscles in the abdominal group that act together to move the thoracic lumbar spine, support the trunk, assist with breathing, and support the abdominal organs

A
  1. Rectus abdominis
  2. External oblique
  3. Internal oblique
99
Q

True or False:

The rectus abdominis, external oblique, and internal oblique muscles assist in flexion from an erect standing position.

A

False

100
Q

Name the fibrous band that unites the xiphoid process and the pubis; it runs down the midline.

A

Linea Alba

101
Q

Which is the most superficial of the abdominal muscles?

A

Rectus Abdominis

102
Q

When acting together, the RECTUS ABDOMINIS is a prime mover for: (1)

A

Flexion of the lumbar and thoracic spine

103
Q

When acting alone, the RECTUS ABDOMINIS is a prime mover for: (1)

A

Lateral flexion

104
Q

True or False:

The external oblique shows marked activity when straining or bearing down when the breath is held, as well as in forced exhalation.

A

True

105
Q

When acting bilaterally, the EXTERNAL OBLIQUE muscle is a prime mover for: (1)

A

Flexion of the thoracic and lumbar spine

106
Q

When acting unilaterally, the EXTERNAL OBLIQUE muscle is a prime mover for: (2)

A

Lateral flexion of the trunk and rotation to the opposite side

107
Q

True or False:

EMG studies have shown that the external oblique is the most active of all the abdominal muscles in rotation.

A

False - INTERNAL oblique

108
Q

When acting together, the INTERNAL OBLIQUE muscle is a prime mover for: (1)

A

Flexion of the thoracic and lumbar spine

109
Q

When acting alone, the INTERNAL OBLIQUE muscle is a prime mover for: (2)

A

Lateral flexion and rotation to the same side

110
Q

An isometric contraction of the abdominals in conjunction with holding one’s breath is known as a _________ ___________.

A

Valsalva maneuver

111
Q

A Valsalva maneuver __________ (increases or decreases) pressure in the thoracic and abdominal cavities that helps to provide stability for the vertebral column.

A

Increases

112
Q

When acting together, the QUADRATUS LUMBORUM muscle is a prime mover for: (1)

A

Assists with stabilizing pelvis and lumbar spine

113
Q

When acting alone, the QUADRATUS LUMBORUM muscle is a prime mover for: (1)

A

Lateral flexion

114
Q

The ________ muscle is a strong hip flexor. It also assists with lateral flexion and extension of the lumbar spine.

A

Iliopsoas

115
Q

When acting together, the SEMISPINALIS THORACIS muscle is a prime mover for: (1)

A

Extension of thoracic spine

116
Q

When acting alone, the SEMISPINALIS THORACIS muscle is a prime mover for: (2)

A

Lateral flexion and rotation to the OPPOSITE side of the thoracic spine

117
Q

In general, _________ is the freest motion in the thoracic region

A

Rotation

118
Q

What is the primary function of the lumbar region of the spine?

A

Support weight of the upper body

119
Q

What is the movement in the lumbar region? (4)

A

Flexion, extension, hyperextension, and lateral flexion (flexion is more limited than extension and rotation is very limited)

120
Q

What motions are freely permitted in the cervical region? (4)

A

Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation

121
Q

The coordinated activity of lumbar flexion and anterior rotation of the pelvis in the sagittal plane (anterior pelvic tilt) is also known as:

A

Lumbar pelvic rhythm

122
Q

True or False:

Lumbar pelvic rhythm decreases the range of motion available to the total column, and also reduces the amount of flexibility required of the lumbar region

A

False - lumbar pelvic rhythm INCREASES the range of motion available to the total column

123
Q

Yes or No:

Is bending over to touch one’s toes with knees straight dependent upon lumber pelvic rhythm?

A

Yes

Kinesiology Exam Two (8 decks)

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