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Kinesiology Exam Two > Lower Extremity > Flashcards

Lower Extremity Flashcards

1
Q

Complete this equation:

Legs = ________ + ________

A

Legs = strength + mobility!

Legs are support base for many functional activities and they need to support our entire body weight

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2
Q

Name four basic reasons why the LE’s are important

A
  1. they are a strong support base for many activities/a set of pillars for standing
  2. locomotor movement is important to daily function (when walking, one leg supports all body weight while other leg swings forward to walk forward)
  3. LE’s are involved in daily activities (i.e. sitting, toileting, getting out of bed, up/down stairs etc.)
  4. sole of foot is our point of contact with the ground (to sense texture/friction surface properties)
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3
Q

What are the three segments of the LE and what are the segments separated by?

A

Thigh, leg, and foot

Separated by joints

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4
Q

How many degrees of freedom does the hip joint have?

A

3 - it is a ball and socket joint

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5
Q

In contrast to the shoulder capsule, the capsule around the hip joint is _______ and ________

A

strong and dense

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6
Q

True or False: The capsule around the hip joint is attached to the entire periphery of the acetabulum

A

True

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7
Q

True or False: The capsule around the hip joint covers part of the femoral head and neck like a sleeve

A

False - it covers it ENTIRELY

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8
Q

True or False: The capsule around the hip joint is thickest anterior and superior

A

True - it’s where the most stress occurs (when walking)

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9
Q

True or False: The capsule around the hip joint is thinnest posterior and inferior

A

True (this is where hip replacements first occurred because it is not as thick)

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10
Q

What provides for most of the stability of the hip joint?

A

Ligaments

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11
Q

ROM of the femur is influenced by whether motion is _______ or ________

A

passive or active

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12
Q

If the knee is extended, can you flex the hip more or less?

A

Less - if knee is extended, hip flexion is 90 degrees

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13
Q

If the knee is flexed, can you flex the hip more or less?

A

More - if knee is flexed, hip flexion is 120-130 degrees

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14
Q

If the knee is flexed, can you extend the hip more or less?

A

Less - if knee is flexed, hip extension is decreased (due to rectus femoris)

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15
Q

If the knee is extended, can you extend the hip more or less?

A

More - if knee is extended, hip extension is 30 degrees

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16
Q

Name 4 different types of motion of the pelvis at the hip joint

A

anterior, posterior pelvic tilt
lateral pelvic tilt
pelvic rotation

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17
Q

When the pelvis is tilted posteriorly, the hip is ________ and the ASIS points _____

A

extended; up

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18
Q

When the pelvis is tilted anteriorly, the hip is ___________ and the ASIS points __________

A

flexed; down

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19
Q

When the pelvis is tilted laterally and hip hike occurs (adduction of hip on side of hike) it results in _____________ on opposite side

A

abduction

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20
Q

When the pelvis is tilted laterally and pelvic drop occurs (abduction of hip on either side of drop) it results in ________ on opposite side

A

adduction

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21
Q

When the pelvis rotates forward, it causes ______ rotation of the hip

A

Medial

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22
Q

When the pelvis rotates backward, it causes ________ rotation of the hip

A

Lateral

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23
Q

Name 2 functions of the hip flexor muscles

A

primary: mobility of the muscles to bring the LE forward
secondary: resist hip extension forces

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24
Q

Name the 4 primary flexor muscles and which one is the most important

A
  1. iliopsoas (most important)
  2. rectus femoris (strongest when flexed)
  3. tensor fascia lata
  4. sartorius
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25
Q

Name 2 primary hip extensor muscles and which one is the strongest

A
  1. gluteus maximus (strongest)

2. hamstrings

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26
Q

Name 3 primary hip adductors

A
  1. pectineus
  2. gracilis
  3. adductors: longus, brevis, magnus
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27
Q

Name 2 primary hip abductors

A
  1. gluteus medius

2. gluteus minimus

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28
Q

How many lateral/external rotator muscles are there that serve to also compress the joint?

A

6 (not responsible for names)

29
Q

Name 2 primary hip internal rotators

A
  1. gluteus medius

2. tensor fascia lata

30
Q

Name this pathology:

Pelvis drops on unsupported side because the abductors on the supported side are weak (see this when walking)

A

Trendelenburg’s sign

31
Q

Yes or No: Are there precautions for hip replacements that take an anterior approach?

A

No

32
Q

Name 4 precautions for hip replacements that take a posterior lateral approach or go through the capsule and lateral rotators

A
  1. no internal rotation
  2. no adduction across midline (bringing knees together - place pillow between legs)
  3. flexion less than 90 degrees
  4. weight bearing as tolerated or a flat foot gait
33
Q

What are two functions of the knee?

A
  1. allow functional shortening/lengthening

2. mobility

34
Q

Name the 2 distinct articulations in this single joint capsule

A
  1. tibiofemoral

2. patellofemoral

35
Q

What kind of joint is the tibiofemoral joint and how many degrees of freedom does it have?

A

double condyloid and 2 degrees of freedom

36
Q

Varus (adduction) and valgus (abduction) movements are prevented by these 2 ligaments

A

MCL and LCL

37
Q

Anterior or posterior displacement of tibia beneath the femur is prevented these 2 ligaments

A

ACL and PCL

38
Q

Name the 2 primary movements of the knee joint

A

Flexion and extension

39
Q

True or False: Hip joint position can influence knee ROM

A

True

40
Q

True or False: Knee flexion is reduced when hip is hyperextended

A

True

41
Q

True or False: Knee flexion is increased when hip and knee are flexed with body weight on the joint

A

True (think like a catcher’s stance)

42
Q

Name 4 two joint knee flexor muscles

A
  1. semimembranosus
  2. semitendinosus
  3. biceps femoris
  4. gastrocnemius
43
Q

Yes or No: Is the ability to produce effective force affected by the position of the two joints muscles crosses

A

Yes (for example: the hamstrings are most effective at knee if the hip is flexed b/c it lengthens the hamstrings)

44
Q

Which of the knee flexor muscles functions to prevent hyperextension at the knee?

A

gastrocnemius

45
Q

What are the 4 knee extensor muscles?

A

Quadriceps

46
Q

If you have had a knee replacement, should you mobilize immediately?

A

Yes! (by a continuous passive motion machine, active exercise, stretching)

47
Q

Which joint provides a stable base of support with minimal energy expenditure and acts as a rigid lever for effective push off during gait?

A

Ankle

48
Q

Which joint is flexible to absorb shock of body weight as foot hits the ground, permits foot to conform to changing terrain, and dampens the rotations imposed by proximal joints?

A

Ankle

49
Q

The official name of the ankle joint is:

A

talocrural joint

50
Q

What kind of joint is the ankle joint and how many degrees of freedom does it have?

A

synovial hinge joint with 1 degree of freedom

51
Q

The ankle joint is the least congruent joint in the body

A

FALSE…it is a mortise joint that grips the talus like an adjustable wrench!

52
Q

True or False: the structural integrity of the ankle joint is maintained throughout ROM

A

True

53
Q

The capsule of the ankle joint is thin and weak, anteriorly and posteriorly - true or false?

A

True

54
Q

Is the stability of the ankle joint dependent on intact ligaments - yes or no?

A

Yes

55
Q

The lateral side of the ankle joint is stronger than the medial side - true or false?

A

FALSE

56
Q

True or False: Dorsiflexion is more limited with knee extension

A

True (because of tension in the gastrocnemius)

57
Q

Ankle muscles: no muscles act on only one joint - true or false?

A

TRUE

58
Q

What are the 2 muscles involved with plantarflexion called?

A
  1. gastrocnemius
  2. soleus

(known as the triceps surae)

59
Q

What are the 2 muscles involved with dorsiflexion called?

A
  1. tibialis anterior

2. extensor hallucis longus

60
Q

With weak ________flexors, you will have loss of ROM and problems with gait

A

weak dorsiflexors

61
Q

With weak ____________flexors, you will have excessive knee extension

A

weak plantarflexors

62
Q

Overall, are dorsiflexors or plantarflexors weaker?

A

Dorsiflexors

63
Q

if you have an ANTERIOR pelvic tilt, the accompanying hip joint motion and compensatory lumbar spine motion is:

A

hip flexion

lumbar extension

64
Q

if you have a POSTERIOR pelvic tilt, the accompanying hip joint motion and compensatory lumbar spine motion is:

A

hip extension

lumbar flexion

65
Q

if you have a LATERAL pelvic tilt (pelvic drop on left), the accompanying hip joint motion and compensatory lumbar spine motion is:

A

right hip adduction

right lateral flexion

66
Q

if you have a LATERAL pelvic tilt (pelvic hike on left), the accompanying hip joint motion and compensatory lumbar spine motion is:

A

right hip abduction

left lateral flexion

67
Q

if you have forward rotation in the pelvis (on left), the accompanying hip joint motion and compensatory lumbar spine motion is:

A

right hip medial rotation

rotation to the left

68
Q

if you have backward rotation in the pelvis (on left), the accompanying hip joint motion and compensatory lumbar spine motion is:

A

right hip lateral rotation

rotation to the right

Kinesiology Exam Two (8 decks)

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