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Near Response Flashcards

1
Q

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
“سنريهم آياتنا في الأفاق وفي أنفسهم حتي يتبين لهم أنه الحق “
______________________________________________
Clinical implications of Atypical antipsychotics

A

-superior anipsychotic effect
-great for negative symptoms
-less extrapyramidal side effects

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2
Q

Autonomic arousal symptoms sympathetic or parasympathetic e.g.

A

Palpitations or accelerated heart rate.
Sweating
Vomiting
Tremors or shaking.
Dry mouth.
Urgency of micturition

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3
Q

Clinical features of anxiety disorders
Symptoms concerning chest and abdomen

A

Difficulty breathing.
Feeling of choking
Chest pain or discomfort.
Abdominal distress

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4
Q

the changes that occur in the eye (optical system) to
be adjusted to see near objects clearly

A

Near Response
(Accommodation reflex)

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5
Q

Mention compnents of Near respnse of accoomarion reflex?

A

1-Bilateral accomodation
2-Bilateral Miosis
3-Bilateral Medial Convergence

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6
Q

it is the change that occur in the lens to see near
objects clear.

A

accomoation

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7
Q

Explain accomoation of eye

A

When your eye see near object and it is still in resting state the lens is flat and the photo is not formed at retina so ?
Ciliary muscle contracts to Make Suspensory ligaments Relax so the Lens anterior surface can increase in Convexity and curvature increasing its diopteric power so Can Converge Light on the retina

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8
Q

How to prove that Anterior lens curvature is the one that increased in near respnse?

A

Purkinje Sanson :-
Put a candle on front of the person eye and ask him to look far
There are 3 images:
Conreal image small
Anterior lens image upright large
posterior lens image inverted small
_________________then
ask him to look to the candle :
the upright large image of anterior lens become smaller and come near to conreal image while the other 2 images remain as they were .
____________________________________________
So ANterior lens is the Curvature changed

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9
Q

The power of accommodation ↓ with age due to

A

↓ lens
elasticity.

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10
Q

Mention function of miosis in near respones?

A

Pervent light to reach peripheral parts of lens and make it goest centrally so ?
pervents
Spherical aberration
Chromatic aberration at prism

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11
Q

Explain shphericla abberation

A

The peripheral parts of the lens have different refreactive power so make lights diverge to different foci in retina

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12
Q

Explain Chromatic abberations

A

The most peripheral parts of the Lens works as PRISM?
refracting light into its 7 colors spectral compnents

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13
Q

Mention functions of medial convergence in near respnes?

A

Make image fall in the same point of retina (fovea ) on both eyes for forming one sharp image preventing diplopia

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14
Q

Explain all components of Nervous pathway Of near response

A

S: Blurred near object
R: rODES AND cones
A: Visual pathway area 17 , 18,19 occipital cortex+ 8
center: Superior Colliculus
Efferent: Occlumotor nerve
Effector: somatic medial recti for medial convergence
Para for smooth muscles :
1-Ciliary for accomodation
2-Constrictor pupillae for ? Miosis

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15
Q

Near point:PUNCTUM PROXIUMUM

A

maximal accommodation + sharp image = 10 cm in young adult

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16
Q

Far point:Punctum remotumum

A

most distant point sharp image + no accommodation = 6 meters or more.

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17
Q

Range of accommodation =
Aging →

A

far point – near point.
↓ power (amplitude) & range of accommodation.

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18
Q

The ideal eye that can focus parallel light rays on retina
without accommodation

A

Emmetric normal eye

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19
Q

Mention errors oof refraction

A

prebyopia
myopi
ahypermetropia
Astigmatiism

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20
Q

Weak accomodation by aging is called?

A

Persbyopia

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21
Q

Mention causes of presbyopia

A

CLV
Decreased lens elasticity
Dexreased Choroid elasticity
Liquifaction of viterous humor decreeased suppor

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22
Q

Change of presbyopia mention

A

Far point as it is
Near pont receeds away from eye
Range of accommodatipon decreased progresssively

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23
Q

How to correct presbyopia ?

A

By Convex lens why ?
the accommodation is weak we need to strenghten the lens

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24
Q

Compare between myopia and hypermetropia in definition

A

Myopia : focusing of parallel light in a point before retina without accommodation
Hypermetropia : focusing of parallel light in apoint after or behind retina without accommodation

25
Mention axial and Refractive Causes of Myopia and hypermetropia in the comparison
Mypoia: axial : long eye ! refreactive: Strong! cornea Strong lens Strong cornea : KeratoConus Strong lens : Spasm of ciliary muscle + Dislocation of the lens ___________________________________________ Hypermetropia : Axial : short eyes Refractive : Weak cornea + weak lens Weak Conrea : Coneopalna Weak lens: Paralysis of Ciliary muscle ( CN3 palsy ) + Cycloplegics + aphakia ( no lens ) _______________________________
26
Each 1 mm difference in eye length equals ........diopters difference in refraction
3
27
Compare between changes in myopia and hypermetropoia
Myopia : Far point is nearer Near point is less than normal nearer _____________________________ Hypermetropia: Far point is normal Near point is distant from the original (more than normal
28
How to correct : Presbyopia Myopia Hypermetropia
Presbyopia : Convex + lens with near vision Myopia : Concave - lens with far vision Hypermetropia Convex + lens in near vision
29
Error of refraction with no Point focus
Astigmatism
30
Give the reason for occurring of astigmatism
Due to uneuql refreactive power in planes of cornea and lens due to Various curvatures of these planes so its Effects: A point is seen as a line
31
Astigmatism types ?
Regular SCM Simple regular Compound regular MIxed regular ____________________ Irregular astiagmatism
32
when One meridian is emmetropic and the other ametropic this is called?
Simple regular astigmatism
33
Mention types of simple regular astigmatism and the Way of correction
Myopic astigmatism when one meredian is more convex Hypermetropic astigmatism when one meredian is more concave or less convex How to Correct? By CYLINDRICAL LENS Its axis is placed perpendicular to the diseased axis
34
When both Meredians are ammetropic of the same type i.e both Myopic or both hypermetropic this is called ?
Compound regular astigmatism
35
How to correct compound regular astigmatism ?
By Shperocylndrical lens
36
Define mixed regular astigmatism
When both meredians are ammetropic of different types One is Myopic the other is hypermetropic _________________________
37
How to correct Mixed regular astigmatism + Compund regular Simple regular ?
Mixed + comppund= Spherocylndrical lens Simple regular = Cylndrical lens
38
When all meredians are irregular this is called? how to correct?
Irregular Astigmatism due to Scar OR Keratoconus Corrected by? Hard conatct lens or Keratoplasty
39
Iris ?
It is the colored part of the eye as a contiunuation of the Uveal Tract colored due to Melanin piagments in different concentrations . Containing 2 Muscles : Circular Sphincter of constrictor pupullae Miosis Radial or dilator pupillae for Mydriasis
40
Compare between Constictior and dilator pupillae in =FNT
Fibers: Constiricotr : Circular Dilart : radial Nerve : Constirucot: parasymp CN3 Dilarot : sympathatic ________________ Tone : Constrictor is stronger than dilator Constricotr is the dominant
41
Depth of focus means ?
The maximal range of distance the Object can move within clear without blurring
42
Mention functions of Iris
RRRR 4 Restrcit light passage only from the pupil Regulate the amount of light passed through pupil Restrict light only to center of Lens to prevent peripheral ligh fall and spherical or chromatic abberations Reflex: pupillary light reflex in ? diagnosis of site of lesion in visual pathway Constriction of pupil? increasing Foucs depth
42
reflex constriction of pupils of both eyes, in response to exposure of one eye to light.
Pupillary light reflex
43
Mention compnents of Pupillary light reflex OR What is the result of pupillary light reflex
1-direct pupilloconstriction of the stimulated eye 2-consesual indirect pupilloconstrciton to the other unstimulated eye
44
Explain nervous pathway of Pupillar light reflex
Stimulus exposure to light on one eye Receptor rodes and cones Afferents : optic nerve chiasma tract then fibers leaves at the anterior 2/3 of optic tract to reach ? Center: Pretectal area Stimulating EWN bilateraly Efferents: Occulumotor nerve CN3 to ciliary ganglion to sphincter pupillae on both eyes casuing bilateral Misois
45
GR/ Pupillary Light Reflex Causes bilaterael eye Miosis
1-Decussation of nasal fibers of optic tract 2-Bilateral stimulation of EWN
46
Mention imortance of Pupillary light refelx
3DP -Determination of Site of lesion in visual pathway -Determination of Stage on anasthesia -Determination of Death by dilated irreactive fixed pupil -Protection against excess light
47
Compare between Miosis and Mydriases
psrd Parasympathtic: Miosis : increasd by parasymp activity during sleep + 3rd stage anastheis Mydriasis : increased by decreased ! parasymp activity during awakeninig + CN3 lesion ____________________________ SYmp : Miosis : Increased by decreased ! symp activity during Horner's + Pontine Hge Mydriasas : increased by increased ! symp activity due to : Fear agner stress + 2nd Stage Anasthesia _________________________________ Reflexes : Misosi OCCURS in Near respnes by Superior colliculius + Light reflex by Pretectal area Mydriasis : occures by Dark vision + Far vision when no reflexes _________________________________ Drugs : Miosis : increased by parasympathomimetics : Pilocarpine + anticholinsterases also Morphine Mydriases : INcreased by sympathomimetics as adrnealine acitve ! and Parasympatholytic atropine Passively
48
Red eye refers to :>>?
Albinism
49
Albinism ? Mention results
Congential abscene of Melanin pigments : Results : 1-Red eye vasculariz Iris 2-Blurring of vision as choroid become reflective surface cuasing light relfection
50
Amaroutic pupil means?
Blind eye with Optic nerve lesion No response to direct ligth reflex but respnds to consensual indirect light reflex
51
Hemanopic pupil means
The side with hemanopia if light falls on = no light reflex but if falls on normal not hemanopic side = light reflex remeber= lesion in temporal receptors as example only can se nasal objects and respnds to nasal light reflex
51
Argyll Robertson pupil
When there is lesion to pretectal area so no misosi with light relfex but ! MIOSIS Occurs with near respnse normally called Near light dissoncaiton pupil
52
Light near dissocaition means
No miposis with light reflex but occures with near respnse why? due to damage to Pretectal area
53
Horners;s syndrome cause miorsis why ?
Due to lesion cervical sympatahtic chain !
54
Occulumotor nerve lesion cause ,...... to pupil ?
Mydriasis
55
الحمدلله رب العالمين
55

Special sense Physiology (8 decks)

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