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Special sense Physiology > Near Response > Flashcards

Near Response Flashcards

1
Q

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
“سنريهم آياتنا في الأفاق وفي أنفسهم حتي يتبين لهم أنه الحق “
______________________________________________
Clinical implications of Atypical antipsychotics

A

-superior anipsychotic effect
-great for negative symptoms
-less extrapyramidal side effects

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2
Q

Autonomic arousal symptoms sympathetic or parasympathetic e.g.

A

Palpitations or accelerated heart rate.
Sweating
Vomiting
Tremors or shaking.
Dry mouth.
Urgency of micturition

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3
Q

Clinical features of anxiety disorders
Symptoms concerning chest and abdomen

A

Difficulty breathing.
Feeling of choking
Chest pain or discomfort.
Abdominal distress

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4
Q

the changes that occur in the eye (optical system) to
be adjusted to see near objects clearly

A

Near Response
(Accommodation reflex)

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5
Q

Mention compnents of Near respnse of accoomarion reflex?

A

1-Bilateral accomodation
2-Bilateral Miosis
3-Bilateral Medial Convergence

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6
Q

it is the change that occur in the lens to see near
objects clear.

A

accomoation

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7
Q

Explain accomoation of eye

A

When your eye see near object and it is still in resting state the lens is flat and the photo is not formed at retina so ?
Ciliary muscle contracts to Make Suspensory ligaments Relax so the Lens anterior surface can increase in Convexity and curvature increasing its diopteric power so Can Converge Light on the retina

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8
Q

How to prove that Anterior lens curvature is the one that increased in near respnse?

A

Purkinje Sanson :-
Put a candle on front of the person eye and ask him to look far
There are 3 images:
Conreal image small
Anterior lens image upright large
posterior lens image inverted small
_________________then
ask him to look to the candle :
the upright large image of anterior lens become smaller and come near to conreal image while the other 2 images remain as they were .
____________________________________________
So ANterior lens is the Curvature changed

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9
Q

The power of accommodation ↓ with age due to

A

↓ lens
elasticity.

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10
Q

Mention function of miosis in near respones?

A

Pervent light to reach peripheral parts of lens and make it goest centrally so ?
pervents
Spherical aberration
Chromatic aberration at prism

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11
Q

Explain shphericla abberation

A

The peripheral parts of the lens have different refreactive power so make lights diverge to different foci in retina

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12
Q

Explain Chromatic abberations

A

The most peripheral parts of the Lens works as PRISM?
refracting light into its 7 colors spectral compnents

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13
Q

Mention functions of medial convergence in near respnes?

A

Make image fall in the same point of retina (fovea ) on both eyes for forming one sharp image preventing diplopia

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14
Q

Explain all components of Nervous pathway Of near response

A

S: Blurred near object
R: rODES AND cones
A: Visual pathway area 17 , 18,19 occipital cortex+ 8
center: Superior Colliculus
Efferent: Occlumotor nerve
Effector: somatic medial recti for medial convergence
Para for smooth muscles :
1-Ciliary for accomodation
2-Constrictor pupillae for ? Miosis

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15
Q

Near point:PUNCTUM PROXIUMUM

A

maximal accommodation + sharp image = 10 cm in young adult

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16
Q

Far point:Punctum remotumum

A

most distant point sharp image + no accommodation = 6 meters or more.

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17
Q

Range of accommodation =
Aging →

A

far point – near point.
↓ power (amplitude) & range of accommodation.

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18
Q

The ideal eye that can focus parallel light rays on retina
without accommodation

A

Emmetric normal eye

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19
Q

Mention errors oof refraction

A

prebyopia
myopi
ahypermetropia
Astigmatiism

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20
Q

Weak accomodation by aging is called?

A

Persbyopia

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21
Q

Mention causes of presbyopia

A

CLV
Decreased lens elasticity
Dexreased Choroid elasticity
Liquifaction of viterous humor decreeased suppor

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22
Q

Change of presbyopia mention

A

Far point as it is
Near pont receeds away from eye
Range of accommodatipon decreased progresssively

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23
Q

How to correct presbyopia ?

A

By Convex lens why ?
the accommodation is weak we need to strenghten the lens

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24
Q

Compare between myopia and hypermetropia in definition

A

Myopia : focusing of parallel light in a point before retina without accommodation
Hypermetropia : focusing of parallel light in apoint after or behind retina without accommodation

25
Q

Mention axial and Refractive Causes of Myopia and hypermetropia in the comparison

A

Mypoia: axial : long eye !
refreactive: Strong! cornea Strong lens
Strong cornea : KeratoConus
Strong lens : Spasm of ciliary muscle + Dislocation of the lens
___________________________________________
Hypermetropia :
Axial : short eyes
Refractive : Weak cornea + weak lens
Weak Conrea : Coneopalna
Weak lens: Paralysis of Ciliary muscle ( CN3 palsy ) + Cycloplegics + aphakia ( no lens )
_______________________________

26
Q

Each 1 mm difference in eye length equals ……..diopters
difference in refraction

A

3

27
Q

Compare between changes in myopia and hypermetropoia

A

Myopia :
Far point is nearer
Near point is less than normal nearer
_____________________________
Hypermetropia:
Far point is normal
Near point is distant from the original (more than normal

28
Q

How to correct :
Presbyopia
Myopia
Hypermetropia

A

Presbyopia : Convex + lens with near vision
Myopia : Concave - lens with far vision
Hypermetropia Convex + lens in near vision

29
Q

Error of refraction with no Point focus

A

Astigmatism

30
Q

Give the reason for occurring of astigmatism

A

Due to uneuql refreactive power in planes of cornea and lens due to Various curvatures of these planes
so its Effects: A point is seen as a line

31
Q

Astigmatism types ?

A

Regular SCM
Simple regular
Compound regular
MIxed regular
____________________
Irregular astiagmatism

32
Q

when One meridian is emmetropic and the other ametropic this is called?

A

Simple regular astigmatism

33
Q

Mention types of simple regular astigmatism and the Way of correction

A

Myopic astigmatism when one meredian is more convex
Hypermetropic astigmatism when one meredian is more concave or less convex
How to Correct?
By CYLINDRICAL LENS
Its axis is placed perpendicular to the diseased axis

34
Q

When both Meredians are ammetropic of the same type i.e both Myopic or both hypermetropic this is called ?

A

Compound regular astigmatism

35
Q

How to correct compound regular astigmatism ?

A

By Shperocylndrical lens

36
Q

Define mixed regular astigmatism

A

When both meredians are ammetropic of different types
One is Myopic
the other is hypermetropic
_________________________

37
Q

How to correct
Mixed regular astigmatism + Compund regular
Simple regular ?

A

Mixed + comppund= Spherocylndrical lens
Simple regular = Cylndrical lens

38
Q

When all meredians are irregular this is called?
how to correct?

A

Irregular Astigmatism due to Scar OR Keratoconus
Corrected by?
Hard conatct lens
or
Keratoplasty

39
Q

Iris ?

A

It is the colored part of the eye as a contiunuation of the Uveal Tract colored due to Melanin piagments in different concentrations .
Containing 2 Muscles :
Circular Sphincter of constrictor pupullae Miosis
Radial or dilator pupillae for Mydriasis

40
Q

Compare between Constictior and dilator pupillae in =FNT

A

Fibers:
Constiricotr : Circular
Dilart : radial
Nerve :
Constirucot: parasymp CN3
Dilarot : sympathatic
________________
Tone : Constrictor is stronger than dilator
Constricotr is the dominant

41
Q

Depth of focus means ?

A

The maximal range of distance the Object can move within clear without blurring

42
Q

Mention functions of Iris

A

RRRR 4
Restrcit light passage only from the pupil
Regulate the amount of light passed through pupil
Restrict light only to center of Lens to prevent peripheral ligh fall and spherical or chromatic abberations
Reflex: pupillary light reflex in ? diagnosis of site of lesion in visual pathway
Constriction of pupil? increasing Foucs depth

42
Q

reflex constriction of pupils of both eyes, in response
to exposure of one eye to light.

A

Pupillary light reflex

43
Q

Mention compnents of Pupillary light reflex OR
What is the result of pupillary light reflex

A

1-direct pupilloconstriction of the stimulated eye
2-consesual indirect pupilloconstrciton to the other unstimulated eye

44
Q

Explain nervous pathway of Pupillar light reflex

A

Stimulus exposure to light on one eye
Receptor rodes and cones
Afferents : optic nerve chiasma tract then fibers leaves at the anterior 2/3 of optic tract to reach ?
Center: Pretectal area Stimulating EWN bilateraly
Efferents: Occulumotor nerve CN3 to ciliary ganglion to sphincter pupillae on both eyes casuing bilateral Misois

45
Q

GR/ Pupillary Light Reflex Causes bilaterael eye Miosis

A

1-Decussation of nasal fibers of optic tract
2-Bilateral stimulation of EWN

46
Q

Mention imortance of Pupillary light refelx

A

3DP
-Determination of Site of lesion in visual pathway
-Determination of Stage on anasthesia
-Determination of Death by dilated irreactive fixed pupil
-Protection against excess light

47
Q

Compare between Miosis and Mydriases

A

psrd
Parasympathtic:
Miosis : increasd by parasymp activity during sleep + 3rd stage anastheis
Mydriasis : increased by decreased ! parasymp activity during awakeninig + CN3 lesion
____________________________
SYmp :
Miosis : Increased by decreased ! symp activity during Horner’s + Pontine Hge
Mydriasas : increased by increased ! symp activity due to : Fear agner stress + 2nd Stage Anasthesia
_________________________________
Reflexes :
Misosi OCCURS in Near respnes by Superior colliculius + Light reflex by Pretectal area
Mydriasis : occures by Dark vision + Far vision
when no reflexes
_________________________________
Drugs :
Miosis : increased by parasympathomimetics : Pilocarpine + anticholinsterases also Morphine
Mydriases : INcreased by sympathomimetics as adrnealine acitve ! and Parasympatholytic atropine Passively

48
Q

Red eye refers to :»?

A

Albinism

49
Q

Albinism ? Mention results

A

Congential abscene of Melanin pigments :
Results :
1-Red eye vasculariz Iris
2-Blurring of vision as choroid become reflective surface cuasing light relfection

50
Q

Amaroutic pupil means?

A

Blind eye with Optic nerve lesion
No response to direct ligth reflex
but respnds to consensual indirect light reflex

51
Q

Hemanopic pupil means

A

The side with hemanopia if light falls on = no light reflex
but if falls on normal not hemanopic side = light reflex
remeber= lesion in temporal receptors as example only can se nasal objects and respnds to nasal light reflex

51
Q

Argyll Robertson pupil

A

When there is lesion to pretectal area so no misosi with light relfex but ! MIOSIS Occurs with near respnse normally
called Near light dissoncaiton pupil

52
Q

Light near dissocaition means

A

No miposis with light reflex but occures with near respnse
why?
due to damage to Pretectal area

53
Q

Horners;s syndrome cause miorsis why ?

A

Due to lesion cervical sympatahtic chain !

54
Q

Occulumotor nerve lesion cause ,…… to pupil ?

A

Mydriasis

55
Q

الحمدلله رب العالمين

A
55
Q
A

Special sense Physiology (8 decks)

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