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Ear full Flashcards

1
Q

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
______________
Mention function of pinna or auricle

A

Collection of sound waves directing them to the tympanic membrane or ear drun

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2
Q

Desscribe external auditory meatus

A

25 cm tube
Formed of 1/3 cartilgaenous + 2/3 bony
1/3 Cartilagneous :-
Hair + Sbeacous glands + Sweat glands modified called Ceruminous glands for Wax Secretion

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3
Q

Mention functions of wax secreted from externa laudiroty meatus cartilagneous part ?

A

Protection + Lubrication
Protection :-
Trapping foreign bodies
Contains Igs + Lysosymes

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4
Q

Inner bony external audioty meatus describe

A

Thin skin no hair no glands

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5
Q

tympanic membrane :
………SURFACE AREA
……..Thickness
Formed of
1-
2-
3-

A

1cm2
0.01 mm thickness
__________
Formed of ?
1-Epithelium
2-Fibroelastic membrane
3-Mucosa
from oute to inner

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6
Q

Mention function of tympanic membrane

A

Conducts sound vibrations from external ear to osicles of middle ear
Protection of middle ear

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7
Q

Enumerate Characteristic of tympanic membrane :

A

Thin for vibration
Ear wax protecting it and lubricating it
1 inch away from External temperature so kept in 37 degree
RDA tet
Resonant: vibration = sound intenstiy
Damped: if sounds stop vibration stops
Aperiodic: no natural frequency of vibration

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8
Q

Middle ear
♯ It is an ……….filled cavity in the ………..bone
♯ It is connected anteriorly with the nasopharynx by the………………..
, and posteriorly with the air cavity in the …………………
♯ It contains ???

A

Air - temporal
Eustichian tube
post = mastoid process
___________________
3osicles malleus incus stapes
2muscles stapidus tensor tympani
2windows round oval

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9
Q

Mentioon function air in middle ear

A

1- Equalization of pressure on both sides of tympamic membrane for peroper vibration
2-Faciliration of moveetm of oscicles

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10
Q

Mentioon function air in middle ear

A

1- Equalization of pressure on both sides of tympamic membrane for peroper vibration
2-Faciliration of moveetm of oscicles

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11
Q

Describe bony oSICLES in middle ear

A

-Malleus + Incus + Stapes
Connected by synovial membrane
Malleus is connected to inner tympanic membrane
Foot plate of stapes connected to the Oval window by Annular ligament

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12
Q

Annular ligament connect …+ …..

A

Footplate of stapes to Oval window

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13
Q

Mention functions OF oSicles

A

Ossilcuar route for transmisiion and conduction of sound waves from Tympanic membrane to the oval window
then :
Magnification of Sound 20-22times by:
1-Tympanic membrane > Oval window 15-17 times causing sam magnification times
2-Lever bony system magnify 1.3 time
total magnification = 1781.3=23 times

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14
Q

Mention functions OF oSicles

A

Ossilcuar route for transmisiion and conduction of sound waves from Tympanic membrane to the oval window
then :
Magnification of Sound 20-22times by:
1-Tympanic membrane > Oval window 15-17 times causing sam magnification times
2-Lever bony system magnify 1.3 time
total magnification = 1781.3=22 times

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15
Q

Mention of middle Ear muscles and theri function

A

Tensor tympani attaced to handle of malleus when contracted pulss tensory tympani medially decreasing its Vibration
Stapedius attaced to footplate of stapes when contracted pulls oval window laterally decreasing its Vibration
For protection of inner ear from loud sound
Decreasing sound of Chewing + vocalization
Called Tympanic Attenuation + acoustic Reflex

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16
Q

Define Tympanic relfex
Define Acoustic reflex
Define attenuation reflex

A

Ptotective reflex on inner ear against damage by loud sound >140 db
by Muscles of middle ear
Tensor tympani attaced to handle of malleus when contracted pulss tensory tympani medially decreasing its Vibration
Stapedius attaced to footplate of stapes when contracted pulls oval window laterally decreasing its Vibration
For protection of inner ear from loud sound
Decreasing sound of Chewing + vocalization

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17
Q

What is the disadvantage of Tympanic relfexx

A

Requires 40-160 ms to occur so ?
Cannot protec against loud Sudden Sound as gunshot

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18
Q

Mention functions of eustichian tube

A

Equalizing pressure on both sides of ear drun
Draining of mucous of middle ear

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19
Q

Estichain tube connects middle ear to nasopharynx
closed but open in ?

A

-Swallowing
-Chewing
-Yawning
=If pressure in middle ear > atmospheric by 15mm Hg

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20
Q

What happens to Eustihcain tube in case of Common cold ?

A

It is blocked
Oxygen absorped from the air in middle ear to cells
Decreased PO2 and total air pressure
So Atmosperic pressure outside tympanic membrane causing the tympanic membrane to be sucked inwards
Decrasing vibration tympanic membrane so ?
Weak Hearing

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21
Q

Noises of bratheing will be heard supposing ?

A

The eusthican tube is permenatnyl opened

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22
Q

During ascent in aeroplane what happens to auidtory tube ?

A

during ascent atmospheric pressure decreased so ?
It opens to drain increased pressure in middle ear
to Eequalize pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane

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23
Q

What precuations shoulde be done to protect ear during descent in aeroplane

A

Chewing ans Swallowing why?
as during descent the Atmosphric pressure increased and the tympanic membran sucked inwards so ?
It may be painful + even May rupture
so during swallowing and chwing opeining eusthicahn tube
equalizing pressure on both sides of ear drum prtoecting it

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24
Q

Window through which sound is transmitted to inner ear?

A

Oval window
Closed by annular ligament that is connected to fOOTPlate of stapes

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25
Round window is closed by ?
Fibroelastic 2ry tympanic membrane
26
Mention route of sound transmission to inner ear
1-Ossicular route through osicles + magnify sound = Air conduction 2-Skull bones = inefficient 3-aIR route : Vibrating the air in middle ear to vibrate oval window + Inner window
27
Inner ear formed of ?
Auditroty labryinth : Choclea =haring Vestibular labryinth : Semiciruclar canals Vestibule : Saccule + Utricle =Equilibrium
28
Choclea describe
Spiral Turning 2 3/4 turn around axsis called modiulous supplied by Chochlear nerve it length 35mm =3.5 cm MODILOUS Contents : Blood capillaries Spiral ganglion Nerve fibers
29
Mention contents choclea modiouls
Blood capillaris Spiral ganglion Nerve fibers
30
Choclea is dived by 2 membrane into 3 scale
The 2 membranes:- Vestibular + Basilar The 3 Scalae :- Scala vestibuli Scala tympani Scala media = choclear duct
31
Compare between Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani
Both contains perilymph they communicate through Helicotrema Scala vestibuli : Upper part of choclea Ends in Oval window Scala tympani : Lower part of choclea ends in round window
31
Compare between Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani
Both contains perilymph they communicate through Helicotrema Scala vestibuli : Upper part of choclea Ends in Oval window Scala tympani : Lower part of choclea ends in round window
32
Scala media called .......or.....duct In the middle of choclea ,,,,and,,,,forming its sides?
Choclear + endolymphaic DUCT contains endolymph Vestibular +Basilar membranes forming its sides
33
Ressinere membrane describe
Vestibular membrane C.T formed of 2 layers of Squamous epithelum and Basment membrane in between Separeting Scala vestibuli from Scala media
34
Basilar membrane describe
Fibroelastic Connective tissue Formed of 20-30 thousansds Transverese fibers Fibers at base = short thin Fibers at apex long Thin Organ of corti OVerlies this membrane
35
Organ of corti formed of ?
Hair cells receptors of hearing Supporting cellss
36
Compare between inner and outer hair cells
RNCAEF Inner 1Rows 3500cells Cilia free 95% AFFERENT of choclear nerve Minority of efferent from Superior olives Transform Vibration into Potential changes Outer : 3-4 rows 25000 Cilia is Attaced to tectorial membrane 5%afferents of choclear nerve Majority of Efferents =Deplarization shorteneing amlyfing sound =Hyperpolarization elongations Blocking back ground sounds Clarifying Sound
37
Define sound
Compression + decompression of air particles having Frequency + amplitude
38
Frequency  It is the number of cycles/ sec = --- hertz (HZ).  Human ear can detect & differentiate sounds from ...........to.............., but it is very sensitive in the range of ............................to............. Hz.  Human voice is ......to......... Hz.  Sound waves more than ............. Hz are called ultrasonic & not heard.  Frequency determines the pitch: ♫ Low frequency →.... pitch ♫ High frequency → ...... pitch.
20-20000Hz 1000-3000Hz 65-1000Hz 20000Hz low high
39
Ampltidue of sound = ? celled intensity loudnees volume
10 x log ( sound intensity /standard sound )
40
Referecne sound -==== ... dB Conversation....dB Traffice noise Whisper Painful stimulus = Damagins Stimuli =
Referecne sound -==== 0 dB Conversation 50 dB Traffice noise 60-70 Whisper 20 dB Painful stimulus = 120-140 dB Damagins Stimuli = > 140dB
41
Stimulation of choclear receptors causes
-Choclear microphonic Potential -Auditroy transuction
42
Compare between endolymph and perilymph
Endolymoh : in Scala media or choclear duct As ICF Rich in K poor Na Perilymph IN scala tympani + scala Vestibuli as ECF Rich in Na poor K
43
Endochcoclear potentials:-RESTING Endolymph > periolymph + ......mv Perioly,ph + hari cells +...... mv Endolymph> haricells +..... mv _______________ Hair cells cilia bathed by? .....
Endochcoclear potentials:- Endolymph > periolymph + 80 mv Perioly,ph + hari cells +70 mv Endolymph> haricells +150 mv _______________ Hair cells cilia bathed by? Endolymh
44
Mention steps of mechanism of haring
Transmission of sound to inner ear Stimulation of choclear receptors Transmission of Impusles to cortex perception of impulses In auidotry cortex
45
Show transmission of sound to inner ear
Ear pinna collect sound pass through external auditory meatus to vibrate tympanic membrane and osicles which magnify sound and transmit it to Oval window vibrating it vibrating the Perilymph in Scala Vestibulai vibrating the Basilar membrane And bending hair cells of Organ of corti causing nerve impulses in the Choclear nerve
46
Frequency and basilar membrane
High frequency high pitch in base of basilar membrane Low frequency Low pitch in apex of Basilar membrane
47
Explain Cohclear microphonic potential
Vibration of elastic basilar membrane Causing Deflection of sterocilia towards Kinocilium casuing Shearing forces in the less elastic tectorial membrane Weakening the tip links between Sterocilia Opening Na .K.Ca cation channels in inner hair cells causing : Rapid K influx == Depolarization Opening voltage gated Ca channels causing ? Glutamate Release and action potential firing on the Cochlear nerve
48
Explain Cohclear microphonic potential
Vibration of elastic basilar membrane Causing Deflection of sterocilia towards Kinocilium causuing Shearing forces in the less elastic tectorial membrane Weakening the tip links between Sterocilia Opening Na .K.Ca cation channels in inner hair cells causing : Rapid K influx == Depolarization Opening voltage gated Ca channels causing ? Glutamate Release and action potential firing on the Cochlear nerve
49
Bending of sterocilia :IN HAIR CELLS OF corti 1) Towards tall sterocilium 2-away from tall sterocilium what happens on each ?
1)depolarization = generating APs 2)Hyperpolarization= decrasing release of glutamate and AP generation
50
Outer hair cells for ? organ of corti
Electromotility 1) Depolarization shortening = amplify sound 2)hyperpolariation elongation = Blocking background sounds =Mechanical modification of Vibrations of Basilar membrane
51
Each cochlea is ............. represented in the auditory cortex of both temporal lobes.
Bilaterally
52
Show auditory pathway
Choclea 1st order to choclear nucelus then 2nd oreder to superior olive bilaterally then to inferior colliculus then Medial geniculate body in thalamus then 3rd order to auditory cortex
53
Olivochoclear bundles formed of
Superior olivery nuceli fibers to 1- middle ear muscles for atteuation or tympanic reflex 2- Outer hair cells Ach mediated hyperpolarization for blocking Background sounds
54
Compare between primary auditory Cortex + Auditory association cortex
Both in superior temporal gyrus 1ry: broad's man 41 42 Detect : Frequency+ intensity+ locality of sound lesion cause slight impairment Association : area 22 understanding meaning of sounds lesion cause Audiotry aphasia
55
How primary auditory area identify loaclity of sound ?
Due to different of sound time arrival on both sides Difference in INtensity of same sound on both sides
56
To be contiuned .... الحمدلله رب العالمين
57
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم وبه نستعين Sound discrimination Definition: the ability of the cortex to discriminate .....+.....+........
fRQUency + locality + intensity by primary auditory
58
How 1ry auditory cortex discrimanate sound loaclity ?
due to diffence on Time of arrival Intensity of sounds faster to Louder to near ear
59
How primary auditory cortex discrimnate intensity of sound ?
In the light of Weber Fechner law the more the stimulus intesnity increased in the hair cells , the more APs generated in choclear nerve for perception and discrimnation of intensity
60
How does cortex discrimnate frequency ( pitch ) of sound
Helmholtz theory ( place ) theory :- نظرية الالباف والتردد at base fibers of membrane are short stiff high freq sounds responds maximally at Base of basilar membrane at apex fibers of membrane long lax low freq sounds responds maximally at apex of basilar membrane Auditory cortex receives from different parts of Basilar membrane as having different Frequencies _____________ Travelling wave theory نظرية حدة الصوت و المكان والتحفيز الاعظم vibration of stapes causing Travelling waves in the perilymph of Scala vestibuli causing vibration of Basilar membrane :Travelling waves increase gradually reaching maximal height at a point of membrane then fade rapidly High pitch sound maximal height at base Low pitched sound Maximal Height at Apex Each part of Basilar membrane has a Frequency reaching maximal height on it stimulating specific nerve fiber to Auditory cortex
61
External ear causes Conductive deafness in case of ?
1-Wax 2-Foreign body 3-INflammation 4-Tumor exostosis or cancer
62
Middle ear causes conductive deafness in case of ?
Osciles: Congenital abesnces Inflammation OtoSclerosis Tumor ________ Middle ear inflammation or Tumor Perforated Ear drun
63
Middle ear causes conductive deafness in case of ?
Osciles: Congenital abesnces Inflammation OtoSclerosis Bethovien Tumor ________ Middle ear inflammation or Tumor Perforated Ear drum
64
Eustichan tube causes conductive deafness in case of ?
Obstruction due to ? Inflammation - Allergy Nasopharyngeal Adenoids + Tumor
65
Mention causes of sensory or receptive deafness
Choclear nerve + brain injury Cochlear nerve defects:- 1-Prenatal: congenital measels 2-Birth :Anoxia 3-Post natal : measels mumpes causing chornic otits media + Antibiotic garramycin Meiner's increased endolymph pressure =Brain injury : - Brain trauma Brain tumor Vestibulobasilar insufficiency Mutlipe scleriosis epilipsy
66
Mention imp of deafness tests and expamples
For determination type and degree of dafness Qualitative: Whisper _ Watch _ Tunning fork test : rennie - Schwabach - Weber Qualitiave + quantitaive=Audiomertry
67
Presbycusis due to ?
Decreased elasticity of auditory compnents Decreased hair cells due to degenration

Special sense Physiology (8 decks)

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