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Special sense Physiology > Ear full > Flashcards

Ear full Flashcards

1
Q

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
______________
Mention function of pinna or auricle

A

Collection of sound waves directing them to the tympanic membrane or ear drun

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2
Q

Desscribe external auditory meatus

A

25 cm tube
Formed of 1/3 cartilgaenous + 2/3 bony
1/3 Cartilagneous :-
Hair + Sbeacous glands + Sweat glands modified called Ceruminous glands for Wax Secretion

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3
Q

Mention functions of wax secreted from externa laudiroty meatus cartilagneous part ?

A

Protection + Lubrication
Protection :-
Trapping foreign bodies
Contains Igs + Lysosymes

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4
Q

Inner bony external audioty meatus describe

A

Thin skin no hair no glands

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5
Q

tympanic membrane :
………SURFACE AREA
……..Thickness
Formed of
1-
2-
3-

A

1cm2
0.01 mm thickness
__________
Formed of ?
1-Epithelium
2-Fibroelastic membrane
3-Mucosa
from oute to inner

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6
Q

Mention function of tympanic membrane

A

Conducts sound vibrations from external ear to osicles of middle ear
Protection of middle ear

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7
Q

Enumerate Characteristic of tympanic membrane :

A

Thin for vibration
Ear wax protecting it and lubricating it
1 inch away from External temperature so kept in 37 degree
RDA tet
Resonant: vibration = sound intenstiy
Damped: if sounds stop vibration stops
Aperiodic: no natural frequency of vibration

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8
Q

Middle ear
♯ It is an ……….filled cavity in the ………..bone
♯ It is connected anteriorly with the nasopharynx by the………………..
, and posteriorly with the air cavity in the …………………
♯ It contains ???

A

Air - temporal
Eustichian tube
post = mastoid process
___________________
3osicles malleus incus stapes
2muscles stapidus tensor tympani
2windows round oval

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9
Q

Mentioon function air in middle ear

A

1- Equalization of pressure on both sides of tympamic membrane for peroper vibration
2-Faciliration of moveetm of oscicles

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10
Q

Mentioon function air in middle ear

A

1- Equalization of pressure on both sides of tympamic membrane for peroper vibration
2-Faciliration of moveetm of oscicles

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11
Q

Describe bony oSICLES in middle ear

A

-Malleus + Incus + Stapes
Connected by synovial membrane
Malleus is connected to inner tympanic membrane
Foot plate of stapes connected to the Oval window by Annular ligament

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12
Q

Annular ligament connect …+ …..

A

Footplate of stapes to Oval window

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13
Q

Mention functions OF oSicles

A

Ossilcuar route for transmisiion and conduction of sound waves from Tympanic membrane to the oval window
then :
Magnification of Sound 20-22times by:
1-Tympanic membrane > Oval window 15-17 times causing sam magnification times
2-Lever bony system magnify 1.3 time
total magnification = 1781.3=23 times

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14
Q

Mention functions OF oSicles

A

Ossilcuar route for transmisiion and conduction of sound waves from Tympanic membrane to the oval window
then :
Magnification of Sound 20-22times by:
1-Tympanic membrane > Oval window 15-17 times causing sam magnification times
2-Lever bony system magnify 1.3 time
total magnification = 1781.3=22 times

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15
Q

Mention of middle Ear muscles and theri function

A

Tensor tympani attaced to handle of malleus when contracted pulss tensory tympani medially decreasing its Vibration
Stapedius attaced to footplate of stapes when contracted pulls oval window laterally decreasing its Vibration
For protection of inner ear from loud sound
Decreasing sound of Chewing + vocalization
Called Tympanic Attenuation + acoustic Reflex

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16
Q

Define Tympanic relfex
Define Acoustic reflex
Define attenuation reflex

A

Ptotective reflex on inner ear against damage by loud sound >140 db
by Muscles of middle ear
Tensor tympani attaced to handle of malleus when contracted pulss tensory tympani medially decreasing its Vibration
Stapedius attaced to footplate of stapes when contracted pulls oval window laterally decreasing its Vibration
For protection of inner ear from loud sound
Decreasing sound of Chewing + vocalization

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17
Q

What is the disadvantage of Tympanic relfexx

A

Requires 40-160 ms to occur so ?
Cannot protec against loud Sudden Sound as gunshot

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18
Q

Mention functions of eustichian tube

A

Equalizing pressure on both sides of ear drun
Draining of mucous of middle ear

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19
Q

Estichain tube connects middle ear to nasopharynx
closed but open in ?

A

-Swallowing
-Chewing
-Yawning
=If pressure in middle ear > atmospheric by 15mm Hg

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20
Q

What happens to Eustihcain tube in case of Common cold ?

A

It is blocked
Oxygen absorped from the air in middle ear to cells
Decreased PO2 and total air pressure
So Atmosperic pressure outside tympanic membrane causing the tympanic membrane to be sucked inwards
Decrasing vibration tympanic membrane so ?
Weak Hearing

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21
Q

Noises of bratheing will be heard supposing ?

A

The eusthican tube is permenatnyl opened

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22
Q

During ascent in aeroplane what happens to auidtory tube ?

A

during ascent atmospheric pressure decreased so ?
It opens to drain increased pressure in middle ear
to Eequalize pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane

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23
Q

What precuations shoulde be done to protect ear during descent in aeroplane

A

Chewing ans Swallowing why?
as during descent the Atmosphric pressure increased and the tympanic membran sucked inwards so ?
It may be painful + even May rupture
so during swallowing and chwing opeining eusthicahn tube
equalizing pressure on both sides of ear drum prtoecting it

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24
Q

Window through which sound is transmitted to inner ear?

A

Oval window
Closed by annular ligament that is connected to fOOTPlate of stapes

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25
Q

Round window is closed by ?

A

Fibroelastic 2ry tympanic membrane

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26
Q

Mention route of sound transmission to inner ear

A

1-Ossicular route through osicles + magnify sound = Air conduction
2-Skull bones = inefficient
3-aIR route : Vibrating the air in middle ear to vibrate oval window + Inner window

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27
Q

Inner ear formed of ?

A

Auditroty labryinth :
Choclea =haring
Vestibular labryinth :
Semiciruclar canals
Vestibule : Saccule + Utricle =Equilibrium

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28
Q

Choclea describe

A

Spiral Turning 2 3/4 turn around axsis called modiulous supplied by Chochlear nerve
it length 35mm =3.5 cm
MODILOUS Contents :
Blood capillaries
Spiral ganglion
Nerve fibers

29
Q

Mention contents choclea modiouls

A

Blood capillaris
Spiral ganglion
Nerve fibers

30
Q

Choclea is dived by 2 membrane into 3 scale

A

The 2 membranes:-
Vestibular + Basilar
The 3 Scalae :-
Scala vestibuli
Scala tympani
Scala media = choclear duct

31
Q

Compare between Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani

A

Both contains perilymph
they communicate through Helicotrema

Scala vestibuli :
Upper part of choclea
Ends in Oval window
Scala tympani :
Lower part of choclea
ends in round window

31
Q

Compare between Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani

A

Both contains perilymph
they communicate through Helicotrema

Scala vestibuli :
Upper part of choclea
Ends in Oval window
Scala tympani :
Lower part of choclea
ends in round window

32
Q

Scala media called …….or…..duct
In the middle of choclea
,,,,and,,,,forming its sides?

A

Choclear + endolymphaic DUCT
contains endolymph
Vestibular +Basilar membranes forming its sides

33
Q

Ressinere membrane describe

A

Vestibular membrane
C.T formed of 2 layers of Squamous epithelum and Basment membrane in between
Separeting Scala vestibuli from Scala media

34
Q

Basilar membrane describe

A

Fibroelastic Connective tissue
Formed of 20-30 thousansds Transverese fibers
Fibers at base = short thin
Fibers at apex long Thin
Organ of corti OVerlies this membrane

35
Q

Organ of corti formed of ?

A

Hair cells receptors of hearing
Supporting cellss

36
Q

Compare between inner and outer hair cells

A

RNCAEF
Inner
1Rows
3500cells
Cilia free
95% AFFERENT of choclear nerve
Minority of efferent from Superior olives
Transform Vibration into Potential changes

Outer :
3-4 rows
25000
Cilia is Attaced to tectorial membrane
5%afferents of choclear nerve
Majority of Efferents
=Deplarization shorteneing amlyfing sound
=Hyperpolarization elongations Blocking back ground sounds Clarifying Sound

37
Q

Define sound

A

Compression + decompression of air particles
having Frequency + amplitude

38
Q

Frequency
 It is the number of cycles/ sec = — hertz (HZ).
 Human ear can detect & differentiate sounds from ………..to………….., but it is very sensitive in the range of ……………………….to………….
Hz.
 Human voice is ……to……… Hz.
 Sound waves more than …………. Hz are called ultrasonic & not
heard.
 Frequency determines the pitch:
♫ Low frequency →…. pitch
♫ High frequency → …… pitch.

A

20-20000Hz
1000-3000Hz
65-1000Hz
20000Hz

low
high

39
Q

Ampltidue of sound = ?
celled intensity loudnees volume

A

10 x log ( sound intensity /standard sound )

40
Q

Referecne sound -==== … dB
Conversation….dB
Traffice noise
Whisper
Painful stimulus =
Damagins Stimuli =

A

Referecne sound -==== 0 dB
Conversation 50 dB
Traffice noise 60-70
Whisper 20 dB
Painful stimulus = 120-140 dB
Damagins Stimuli = > 140dB

41
Q

Stimulation of choclear receptors causes

A

-Choclear microphonic Potential
-Auditroy transuction

42
Q

Compare between endolymph and perilymph

A

Endolymoh : in
Scala media or choclear duct
As ICF
Rich in K poor Na
Perilymph
IN scala tympani + scala Vestibuli
as ECF Rich in Na poor K

43
Q

Endochcoclear potentials:-RESTING
Endolymph > periolymph + ……mv
Perioly,ph + hari cells +…… mv
Endolymph> haricells +….. mv
_______________
Hair cells cilia bathed by? …..

A

Endochcoclear potentials:-
Endolymph > periolymph + 80 mv
Perioly,ph + hari cells +70 mv
Endolymph> haricells +150 mv
_______________
Hair cells cilia bathed by? Endolymh

44
Q

Mention steps of mechanism of haring

A

Transmission of sound to inner ear
Stimulation of choclear receptors
Transmission of Impusles to cortex
perception of impulses In auidotry cortex

45
Q

Show transmission of sound to inner ear

A

Ear pinna collect sound pass through external auditory meatus to vibrate tympanic membrane and osicles which magnify sound and transmit it to Oval window vibrating it vibrating the Perilymph in Scala Vestibulai vibrating the Basilar membrane And bending hair cells of Organ of corti causing nerve impulses in the Choclear nerve

46
Q

Frequency and basilar membrane

A

High frequency high pitch in base of basilar membrane
Low frequency Low pitch in apex of Basilar membrane

47
Q

Explain Cohclear microphonic potential

A

Vibration of elastic basilar membrane Causing
Deflection of sterocilia towards Kinocilium casuing
Shearing forces in the less elastic tectorial membrane
Weakening the tip links between Sterocilia
Opening Na .K.Ca cation channels in inner hair cells causing :
Rapid K influx == Depolarization
Opening voltage gated Ca channels causing ?
Glutamate Release and action potential firing on the Cochlear nerve

48
Q

Explain Cohclear microphonic potential

A

Vibration of elastic basilar membrane Causing
Deflection of sterocilia towards Kinocilium causuing
Shearing forces in the less elastic tectorial membrane
Weakening the tip links between Sterocilia
Opening Na .K.Ca cation channels in inner hair cells causing :
Rapid K influx == Depolarization
Opening voltage gated Ca channels causing ?
Glutamate Release and action potential firing on the Cochlear nerve

49
Q

Bending of sterocilia :IN HAIR CELLS OF corti
1) Towards tall sterocilium
2-away from tall sterocilium
what happens on each ?

A

1)depolarization = generating APs
2)Hyperpolarization= decrasing release of glutamate and AP generation

50
Q

Outer hair cells for ?
organ of corti

A

Electromotility
1) Depolarization shortening = amplify sound
2)hyperpolariation elongation = Blocking background sounds
=Mechanical modification of Vibrations of Basilar membrane

51
Q

Each cochlea is …………. represented in the auditory cortex of
both temporal lobes.

A

Bilaterally

52
Q

Show auditory pathway

A

Choclea 1st order to choclear nucelus then
2nd oreder to superior olive bilaterally
then to inferior colliculus then
Medial geniculate body in thalamus then
3rd order to auditory cortex

53
Q

Olivochoclear bundles formed of

A

Superior olivery nuceli fibers
to
1- middle ear muscles for atteuation or tympanic reflex
2- Outer hair cells Ach mediated hyperpolarization for blocking Background sounds

54
Q

Compare between primary auditory Cortex + Auditory association cortex

A

Both in superior temporal gyrus
1ry:
broad’s man 41 42
Detect :
Frequency+ intensity+ locality of sound
lesion cause slight impairment
Association :
area 22
understanding meaning of sounds
lesion cause Audiotry aphasia

55
Q

How primary auditory area identify loaclity of sound ?

A

Due to different of sound time arrival on both sides
Difference in INtensity of same sound on both sides

56
Q

To be contiuned ….
الحمدلله رب العالمين

A
57
Q

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم وبه نستعين

Sound discrimination
Definition: the ability of the cortex to discriminate …..+…..+……..

A

fRQUency + locality + intensity
by primary auditory

58
Q

How 1ry auditory cortex discrimanate sound loaclity ?

A

due to diffence on
Time of arrival
Intensity
of sounds
faster to Louder to near ear

59
Q

How primary auditory cortex discrimnate intensity of sound ?

A

In the light of Weber Fechner law
the more the stimulus intesnity increased in the hair cells , the more APs generated in choclear nerve for perception and discrimnation of intensity

60
Q

How does cortex discrimnate frequency ( pitch ) of sound

A

Helmholtz theory ( place ) theory :- نظرية الالباف والتردد
at base fibers of membrane are short stiff high freq sounds responds maximally at Base of basilar membrane
at apex fibers of membrane long lax low freq sounds responds maximally at apex of basilar membrane
Auditory cortex receives from different parts of Basilar membrane as having different Frequencies
_____________
Travelling wave theory
نظرية حدة الصوت و المكان والتحفيز الاعظم
vibration of stapes causing Travelling waves in the perilymph of Scala vestibuli causing vibration of Basilar membrane :Travelling waves increase gradually reaching maximal height at a point of membrane then fade rapidly
High pitch sound maximal height at base
Low pitched sound Maximal Height at Apex
Each part of Basilar membrane has a Frequency reaching maximal height on it stimulating specific nerve fiber to Auditory cortex

61
Q

External ear causes Conductive deafness in case of ?

A

1-Wax
2-Foreign body
3-INflammation
4-Tumor exostosis or cancer

62
Q

Middle ear causes conductive deafness in case of ?

A

Osciles:
Congenital abesnces
Inflammation
OtoSclerosis
Tumor
________
Middle ear inflammation or Tumor
Perforated Ear drun

63
Q

Middle ear causes conductive deafness in case of ?

A

Osciles:
Congenital abesnces
Inflammation
OtoSclerosis Bethovien
Tumor
________
Middle ear inflammation or Tumor
Perforated Ear drum

64
Q

Eustichan tube causes conductive deafness in case of ?

A

Obstruction due to ?
Inflammation - Allergy
Nasopharyngeal Adenoids + Tumor

65
Q

Mention causes of sensory or receptive deafness

A

Choclear nerve + brain injury
Cochlear nerve defects:-
1-Prenatal: congenital measels
2-Birth :Anoxia
3-Post natal : measels mumpes causing chornic otits media +
Antibiotic garramycin
Meiner’s increased endolymph pressure
=Brain injury : -
Brain trauma
Brain tumor
Vestibulobasilar insufficiency
Mutlipe scleriosis
epilipsy

66
Q

Mention imp of deafness tests and expamples

A

For determination type and degree of dafness

Qualitative: Whisper _ Watch _ Tunning fork test : rennie - Schwabach - Weber
Qualitiave + quantitaive=Audiomertry

67
Q

Presbycusis due to ?

A

Decreased elasticity of auditory compnents
Decreased hair cells due to degenration

Special sense Physiology (8 decks)

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