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Special sense Physiology > Equilibrium > Flashcards

Equilibrium Flashcards

1
Q

أم للإنسان ما تمني ؟
فلله الآخرة والأولي
I have been sick from pain !
Have u seen anyone addicted to pain ?
_______________
Posture = Static balance
Equilibrium = Kinetic balance
________________________
the vertical projection
of the center of gravity (superior temporal gyrus) must
lie within the area of support (feet).
why?

A

For stability of body posture

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2
Q

Equilibrium is mainteined by?

A

Movment of Center of gravity relative to feet and vice versa

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3
Q

Mention afferents of Equilibrium complex reflexes

A

P3V2
Pressure receptors on feets for distribution of body weight
Proprioceptors of neck for detectoion of neck relative to body and space
Propricoceptos of body for detection of Body postion relative to body parts and space
Visual receptots : for eye postion detection relatice to head and environment
Vestibular reflex for postion and movment of head
________________–
Center different levels of CNS
eFFERNTS alpha and gamma motor neruons

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4
Q

Change in rate and direction of movment may be
increased = …
decreased =;;;;;
may be straight called …… may be….or….
may be ………… rotational

A

Acceleration
Decelration
Linear - HOrizontal or Vertical
angular

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5
Q

Vestibular apparatus of eqiulibrium formed of ?

A

Semicirualr canals + Utricle + saccule
filled with endolymph surrounded by perilymph

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6
Q

 There are 3 SCCs in each vestibular apparatus
 Horizontal, Anterior (superior) & posterior (posterovertical)
canals.
 They open in the utricle by 5 openings (there is one common
opening of superior & posterovertical canals)
Receptors: ???????????????

A

crista ampullaris

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7
Q

Receptors: crista ampullaris
 A specific…………….. located in each ampulla
 It contains hair cells, each one has an average 50-70 small cilia
called ……….. plus very long cilium called ……………. located to
one side.
 Steriocilia became progressively……..r towards the other side
(……………….).
 Cilia are attached to each other at their tips and embedded in
gelatinous material called…………..
 Cupula has no…………………………. It density is similar to endolymph
density.

A

Mechanoreceptors
Sterocilia - Kinocilium
shorter- Uniform arragnement
Cupula
Calcium crystals

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8
Q

Crista ampullaris is not affected by……………or …………………….acceleration.

A

gravity - linaer accelation

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9
Q

SCCs are stimulated by ………………i.e. head rotation in
the plane of the stimulated canal.

A

Angular acceleration

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10
Q

When steriocilia are pushed
toward kiocilium → opening
of hair cell channels →…………….→ …………….. of
hair cell (stimulation) →
discharge of impulses in the
……………nerve.
 When steriocilia are pushed
away from utricle →
……………. of hair cell.

A

K influx = depolarization - vestibular

Inhibition

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11
Q

Detect of head angular acceleration ?
2-Detect the position of head relative to forces of gravity.

A

1-Crista ampullaris
2-Macula

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12
Q

 ……….canals in the horizontal plane
side-to-side
…..
(……..) canals
in the anteriorposterior . plane
front-to-back
 …………………….. canals in the vertical plane
shoulder-to-shoulder

A

Horizontal

ant or superior

Posteriovertical

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13
Q

Crista ampullaris works on intiation of …..+…… reflexes

A

Postural + VestibuloOcular reflexes

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14
Q

Equal tonic impulses are discharged from hair cells of both sides

A

In case of resting of crista ampullaris

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15
Q

Equal tonic impulses are discharged from hair cells of both sides

A

In case of resting of crista ampullaris

The membrane potential of hair cells is about -60 mv.
This is because some neurotransmitter is released from hair cells
in absence of stimulation

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16
Q

At statr of rotation how you feel rotation

A

The endolymph seems to rotates to left due to ?> its inetria
so both cristae bent to left causing stimulation
of Right and Inhibiton of Left
Feeling rotation to Right

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17
Q

in case of contiunation of rotation for 30 sec by same speed? what happens

A

Feel of roation disappears
Inertia is overcome !
both cristae returns to normal postiotn

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18
Q

At the end of rotation why vertigo
?

A

Decelarion occurs so
The Endolymph moves to right due to its ? Momentum!
so both cristae are bent to right
Right inhited - while left stimulated +
feeling ROtation to left falsE !

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19
Q

Methods of stimulation of SCCs:
=Mechanial : 2 canals in 2 ears by rotation in a rotatory chair it can stimulate the 2 canals
which are adjusted to lie on the
……………… plan
=electrical: ………………………… by direct stimulation of the vestibular nerve endings
by galvanic current (2-5 mill amperes)
=caloric : ………………………
Cold or warm water convenction of current into endolymph

A

Horizontal
all canals in one ear
one canal in one ear

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20
Q

Vestibular receptors → vestibular nerve → vestibular ganglion →
vestibular nucleus→ then to:Equilibrium center (superior temporal gyrus) either:-
1-
2-
________________
RF Casuing ?
____________
affecting muscle tone through ?
___________________
Causing nystagmus through ?

A

1-ICP - Folucclondular node - dentate - SCP - Thalamus- Equilibrium center
2-Reticular fomration - thala,us - Center
______________________
Autonomic effects
__________
Reticulospinal + Vestibulospinal tracts
_______________-
MLB connected to CN 346

21
Q

Sensation of motion & space orientation of the head DUE TO ?

A

stimulation of Semicirular canals crista ampullaris

22
Q

: false sensation of rotation → loss of balance.

A

Vertigo

23
Q

Menchanism of vertigo

A

MOmentum of endolymph which continues to move even after stoppage of rotation

24
Q

Mention causes of Vertigo

A

SET RIM2
Streptomycin
Errors of refraction
Toxicity of alochocl increasing endolymph density
rOTation stoppage
irritation of semicriular canals + vestiuvlar nerve
Menier’s disease inceaing endolymph pressure
Motion sickness coflict between visual and vestibular stimuli

25
Q

Vetigo pathways :
1)
2)

A

Vestibulo Cerebello thalamio cortical
Vestibulo reticlo thalamo cortical

26
Q

Past pointing test of baraney

A

When stopping rotation to right you feel false rotation to the left
so if there is a point in the wall and u are asked to touch it after right rotation i,e when u feel u are rotated false to left u will touch the right of point compensating to avoid the false rotation !

27
Q

What autonomic changes occurs due to SSC stimlation

A

Nasuea vomiting
Hypotension bradycardia
Increased Respiration

28
Q

Muscle tone is affected during SSC Stimulatiom ?

A

Ipislateral increased muscle tone
Contraleteal dectresd
for balance maintainance

29
Q

How? SSC stimulation affects muscle tone

A

Vestibular nerve affecting RF
then Vestibulospinal + Retucilospinal to motor neurons controlling tone

30
Q

scillatory rapid eye movements consisting of:
 A slow component: opposite to direction of rotation.
 A fast component: in same direction of rotation.

A

Nystagmus

31
Q

It is not initiated by visual impulses & it occurs even in
blind person

A

Vestibule-ocular reflex
for Nystagmus

32
Q

fix stationary point in the field of vision during head
movements.

A

Vestibulo-ocular reflex by nystagmus

33
Q

Vestibular and reticular reflex of Vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

Vestibular : when vestibuale nceuli stimulated MLB CN346 For slow component of Nystamgus
Reticular when vestibular nuclei stimulates RF then MLB CN346 for rapid compnent of Nystagmus

34
Q

Mention causes of Nystamgus

A

Physio : Rotatory - OptoKinetic
Patho:-
NLMS
neocerebellar lesion
Lesion to vestibular pathway
Meander’s disease
Seaching nystamgus : lesion in vision

35
Q

Macula
Structure & mechanism of stimulation:
$ Ridge of hair cells with randomly oriented ……………
$ The cells are covered by……… layer in which …………………………are embedded.
$ Otolith (otoconia) has………… density than endolymph.
$ Bending of the hair cells to one side causes ………..
while their bending in the opposite direction causes
………
$ Effect of gravity → ………… of otolith → bending of
cilia → stretch → ………

A

Sterocilia
_____________
gelatinous Ca carbonate Otolith
________________
HIGHER
________________
sTimulation
Inhibtion
____________
Displacement
Stimulation

36
Q

-Detect the position of head relative to forces of gravity.?
Detect orientation of the head in space.

A

Macula
also crista detect orientation of head on space with its movment

37
Q

Each group of hair cells are oriented in different directions.
So,

A

each position of the head stimulates a particular group of
fibers.

37
Q

plays an important role in detection of head position
during( DIVING ) under deep water when vision and proprioceptive
impulses are not functioning well

A

Macula

38
Q

¶ Head in ,,,,,,,,,,,, position: equal impulses from maculae of
both ears → sensation of untilting.
¶ Tilting head to the…………: stretch of macula of right ear
then left ear → unequal impulses.
¶ Tilting head to the ………….: stretch of left macula more than
right macula → unequal impulses

A

Cental
Right
Left

39
Q

Compare between macula of utricle and saccule

A

Utricle in horizontal plane detecting deviation from Vetrical plane
Saccule Vertical detecting deviation from Horizontal plane

40
Q

detect linear acceleration

A

Maccila

41
Q

Maccula
Maintain body posture during linear acceleration
= detect linear acceleration
 Macula detects start, stoppage & change in speed of linear
acceleration.
 Utricle responds to …….linear acceleration.
 Saccule responds to….. linear acceleration.

A

Horizontal
Vertical

42
Q

 Forward horizontal acceleration: Due to ……….., the
otolith falls…….. → sensation of falling ………..→ reflex
leaning …………..
 Stoppage of acceleration: Due to …….., the
otolith falls …….. → sensation of falling ……..→ reflex
leaning ………..

A

Inertia
Backward- back
forward
________
momentum
forward
forward
backward

43
Q

Macula initiate postural reflexes to maintain equilibrium.
e.g.

A

SL
 Statotonic labyrinthine reflexes.
 Labyrinthine rightening reflexes.

44
Q

Spinal postural reflexes

A

SC
crossed extensor refelx
stretch reflex
+ supporting reflex
stepping refelx

45
Q

Mdullaryl postural refelx

A

2statotonic
statotonic neck reflex
statotoinc labrynthine reflex

46
Q

Midbrain righenting reflexes

A

Labrynthine righening reflex
Body on head righening refelxes
Neck on body righenting reflexes
Body on body rightening reflexes

47
Q

Cortical postural reflexes

A

Visual righteing reflexes
hopping reflex
palcing reflex

48
Q

وما يخفي علي الله من شئ في الأرض ولا في السماء

A

.

Special sense Physiology (8 decks)

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