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Intro. to Biological & Archeological Anthropology > Neanderthals etc. > Flashcards

Neanderthals etc. Flashcards

1
Q

Upper Paleolithic Material Culture/Symbolic Behavior: “the full package”

A
  • Started by Upper Paleolithic humans 50kya
  • Abstract & realistic art incases and body decoration
  • Carved figurines
  • Beads made of ostrich eggshell, bones/ivory/teeth
  • Musical instruments (bone pipes, flutes etc.)
  • Practiced ritual burials
  • Ex. Siberian site of Sungir, with jewelry, tools & sculpture found in burial site (dated to 15kya)

Plus practical stuff:
- Microlithic stone tools (especially blades and burins)
- Grinding and pounding stone tools
- Improved hunting and trapping tools (spear throwers, bow and arrows, boomerangs, nets etc.)
- Increase in long distance transfer of raw materials

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2
Q

Homo florensis (the hobbit)

A
  • Lived in Indonesia 100-60kya
  • Specimens found with tiny brains
  • Thick bones
  • Less prganathic than homo Erectus
  • No chin
  • Short asf: 3 feet tall
  • Hunted wide range of animals like giant rat
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3
Q

Morphology of early anatomically modern humans

A
  • No retromolar space
  • Chin
  • Small nose
  • Canine fossa
  • Vertical forehead
  • Smaller browridges
  • Smaller face
  • Rounded occipital
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4
Q

Homo luzonensis

A
  • Fossils found in Callao Cave, Luzon in the Philippines
  • Older than 50kya
  • Mix of australopith-like and modern-like traits
  • Short stature
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5
Q

AMH vs Neandertals: subistinence and material culture

A
  • Modern human & Neanderthal DNA 99.5-99.99% identical
  • AMHs exploited more prey types
  • We have more complex shelters (mammoth bone hut)
  • Evidence of sewn clothes
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6
Q

Jebel Irhoud

A
  • One of the earliest Homo sapiens sites
  • Lived in Morocco 300kya
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7
Q

Skhul

A

Site in Israel of 10 AMHs from 130-100kya with deliberate burials

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8
Q

Qafzeh

A

Site in Israel of 14 AMHs from 120-90kya with deliberate burials

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9
Q

Homo naledi

A
  • Hominim species found in Rising Star Cave, South Africa (15 individuals)
  • 236-335 kya
  • Some homo features: humanesque skull, versatile hands, long legs and humanesque feet
  • Some austrolopith features: small brain, primitive shoulders, flared pelvis and curved fingers
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10
Q

Kebara

A

Israeli site from 60kya with evidence of symbolic burial

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11
Q

La Chappelle-aux-Saints

A

French cave site with adult Neanderthal man withe evidence of deliberate burial with 60kya

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12
Q

La Ferrassie

A

Site of deliberately buried Neanderthal in France from 50kya

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13
Q

Neanderthal traits (just get gist)

A
  • Adapted for cold
  • Large brains
  • Big noses: to warm air and take in a high volume of air
  • Cranium circular from rear
  • Thinner bones
  • No saggital keel
  • Receding frontal bone
  • Mid-facial prognathism
  • Occipital bun
  • Heavily muscled
  • Thicker limbs
  • Barrel-shaped chest
  • Bowed femora
  • Weighed 30% > AMHs
  • Limb proportions like modern Arctic people
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14
Q

Significant sites of Neanderthals

A
  • La Chappelle-aux-Saints, France
  • La Ferrassie, France
  • Neander Valley, Germany
  • Engis, Belgium
  • Forbes’ Quarry, Gibraltar
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15
Q

Neanderthal Subsistence strategy

A
  • Successful big-game hunters: horses, mammoths, deer, bison, elephants, etc.
  • Attacked from close-range with spears
    – “Rodeo rider” type head & neck injuries
  • Also gathered plants where and when available, processed & cooked them
  • Some use of aquatic resources (shellfish, crab, etc.)
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16
Q

Neanderthal Material and Living Culture

A
  • Necklace made from perforated teeth, ivory and eagle talons
  • Pigments for art? (potential use of materials for symbolic/artistic purposes)
  • Mousterian tools
  • Used tar as glue maybe
  • Lived in caves with hearths (controlled use of fire)
17
Q

Kabwe

A
  • 125-600 thousand year old Homo heidelbergensis skull found in Zimbabwe
  • Mix of ancestral (H. erectus-like) traits & derived (H. sapiens-like) traits
18
Q

Bodo

A
  • 600 thousand year old Homo heidelbergensis skull found in Ethiopia
  • More primitive than Kabwe (higher facial prognathicism, slight sagittal keel, flat & receding forehead (like Kabwe), thick, but not continuous supraorbital torus)
19
Q

Sima de los Huesos

A
  • Pit of Bones in Atapuerca, Spain from 500-400kya
  • Homo antecessor
  • Mix of features but lean more toward Neanderthal-like anatomy rather than an AMH
20
Q

Homo antecessor

A
  • Earliest hominins in Europe (1.2-0.8 mya)
  • Found in Sima de los Huesos
  • Animal bones with cutmarks (chopping the meat up?)
21
Q

Homo cepranensis

A

Early hominin found in Italy (1.2-0.8 mya)
“Cerano Man”

22
Q

Out-of-Africa I

A
  • Homo Erectus leaves Africa 2-1.8 mya
  • Likely increasing population and adapting to exploit different habitats
23
Q

Middle Pleistocene Homo in Asia

A

Mix of homo Erectus features and AMH, more modern looking than in Europe

24
Q

Homo erectus in SE Asia

A
  • Found in Java, living there 1.3-1.45 mya
  • Got there due to low sea levels during glacial periods
  • Land bridge between continental Asia and Java (Sunda Shelf)
25
Q

Homo erectus morphology (get gist)

A
  • Low forehead
  • Big brain
  • Long & low braincase
  • Occipital crest
  • Angular torus
  • No chin
  • Less facial prognathism
  • Saggital keel
  • Small teeth
  • Large & continuos supraorbital torus
26
Q

Zhoukoudian, China

A

Limestone cave system has homo erectus, “Peking Man” from 780 – 250 kya

27
Q

Homo erectus in Africa aka homo ergaster

A
  • Found at Koobi Fora & West Turkana, Kenya & Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania & Drimolen and Swartkrans, South Africa
  • Dates from 1.9-0.9 mya
  • Turkana (Nariokotome) boy (1.6 million year old skull in West Turkana, Kenya)
28
Q

Dmanisi, Georgia

A
  • 1.7 million year old skull found
  • Similar to African Homo erectus, but more ancestral traits
  • Small brain and short
29
Q

Homo erectus tools and material culture

A
  • Tools lasted more than a million years
  • More big game hunting: megafauna
  • Biface handaxes
  • Controlled use of fire (burnt wood and charred bones found)
30
Q

Bifaces tools

A

stone-tools that are flaked on both sides, such as hand axes, picks & cleavers

Intro. to Biological & Archeological Anthropology (4 decks)

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