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Intro. to Biological & Archeological Anthropology > Anthro Final > Flashcards

Anthro Final Flashcards

1
Q

Chiefdoms

A

multi-village territorial units with a centralized decision-making chief oriented group

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2
Q

Tikal, Lowland Guatemala

A
  • part of Mayan empire
  • area of lowland, densely-forest Mayan temples and civilization
  • featured stelae (stone carvings) with engravements
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3
Q

San José Mogote in Oaxaca, Mexico

A
  • part of Aztec empire at one point
  • first pottery using village in the Valley of Oaxaca
  • permanent wattle-and-daub style houses with grain storage rooms, then sodality houses, then complex temple
  • first occupied 3.4kya
  • complex temple burnt down
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4
Q

Teotihuacan

A
  • first generation state in Central Mexico (Aztec)
  • 100k+ residents, many pyramids, big city!
  • peaked in 1400s-1500s as largest city in Americas
  • lots of violence: 2,000 sacrificed at one temple, Street of Dead with lots of pyramids burned down
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5
Q

Moche, Peru

A
  • important for Inca Empire (1200s-1500s)
  • state organization starting 350 BCE in Peru
  • controlled much of Pacific coast
  • big city with urban housing districts, plazas, storehouses, workshops, large monuments
  • largest “pyramid” – “Huaca del Sol” – and fancy grave inside
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6
Q

Mesoamerican and South American States

A
  • appear to have developed in the context of interacting (competitive) polities: “chiefdoms”
  • supported by agricultural economies
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7
Q

State def.

A

a governmental entity that persists by politically controlling a territory

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8
Q

Chaco Canyon

A
  • key site of Southwestern US constructed 1050-1100 CE
  • “Great Houses” several hundred rooms each
  • abruptly abandoned
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9
Q

Ohio Valley Adena & Hopewell

A
  • key site of Early to Middle Woodland period (1000 BCE to 200 CE)
  • egalitarian-ish social organization
  • dispersed communities of forager-farmers
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10
Q

Cahokia, Illinois

A
  • key site from 1100 CE
  • 10k population, one of earlier urban sites worldwide
  • huge urbanized mound serving as cultural center (800,000 ft2 tall)
  • the beginnings of Mississippian culture
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11
Q

Mississippian period & “culture”

A
  • 1000s - 1500s
  • sedentary, large villages and towns, some hunting-gathering
  • maize was big deal
  • chiefdom system came into play
  • Cahokia, Illinois big deal
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12
Q

Anthropocene

A

proposed new geological epoch marked by global influence

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13
Q

Debate about Anthropocene

A

it is hard to pinpoint exactly when it started: Agriculture (8kya)? Industrial Revolution (1800s)? Nuclear Age (1940s/1950s)?

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14
Q

Fossil Fuel Society

A
  • began with 3rd century Egyptians burning wood to make steam
  • hundreds of thousands of kilocalories of energy produced daily in some Western nations
  • Fossil Fuels are a new human method of energy capture
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15
Q

Empire

A

large states with heterogeneous ethnic & cultural compositions formed through conquest/coercion to extract wealth (food, resources, human labor)

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16
Q

Complex societies

A
  • Big populations, high density
  • Permanent & sedentary towns & cities
  • Civic organizations (politics, economy, religion)
  • Complex social stratification: social classes, specialist occupations, control and extraction of produce
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17
Q

Cultural Evolution

A

when new forms of social or sociopolitical organizations appear (idea of Lewis Henry Morgan)

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18
Q

Lewis Henry Morgan

A
  • cultural evolution (when new forms of social or sociopolitical organizations appear)
  • savagery (food from wild resources) –> barbarism (sedentary agriculture) –> civilization (urban/state – civic society)
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19
Q

Vere Gordon Childe

A
  • materialist & marxist thinker
  • idea that prehistoric changes were on par with recent changes (one couldn’t have happened without effects by earlier social, technological and productive changes)
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20
Q

Social Evolution

A

idea that prehistoric changes were on par with recent changes (one couldn’t have happened without effects by earlier social, technological and productive changes) (as elaborated by Vere Gordon Chile)

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21
Q

Elman Service

A

Defined types of societies with more emphasis on political organization

band –> tribe –> chiefdom –> state

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22
Q

1st - Neolithic revolution

A

switch from hunter-gatherering to farming

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23
Q

2nd - Neolithic revolution

A

switch from farming to states and cities (Urban Revolution)

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24
Q

Mesopotamia key aspects

A
  • Began 7,000 BCE as small farming communities
  • Fertile fields and wide, barren plains
  • Seasonal rains and mountain streams
  • Timber, stone, and metals
  • Major rivers for urban-sponsored irrigation
  • Minimal natural mineral resources
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25
Q

Ubaid Period

A
  • Mesopotamian era 5,900 - 4,200 BCE
  • Cereal cultivation and small scale farming
  • Temples as institutions of community focus,
    used for pilgrimages, religious rites, royal patronage, AND economic functions
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26
Q

Uruk Period

A
  • Mesopotamian era 4,200 - 3,000 BCE
  • People lived in urban and literate communities
  • major urbanizing centers (world’s first cities) based on surplus agriculture and temple management
  • Surplus in cereals, flour, fish, wool & textiles
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27
Q

Ziggurat

A

a rectangular stepped tower, often surmounted by a temple, common later in the Early Dynastic Period of Mesopotamia

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28
Q

Uruk city

A
  • First city in the world
  • Founded during Uruk Mesopotamian era in 3,500 BCE
  • Had large scale temples with homes for religious officials, craft production areas, stone & metal working houses
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29
Q

Early Dynastic Period

A
  • Mesopotamian era 2900 to 2350 BCE
  • Warfare highly important, leading to the rise and fall of several successive polities
  • Heavy focus on the military
  • Development of military and macro-states
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30
Q

Ur

A
  • Major late military, political, & economic rival of Uruk
  • Bible states Ur as the birthplace of Abraham
  • Renowned for its cemetery with 2500 simple burials
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31
Q

Writing system

A
  • 5,000 clay tablets excavated in Uruk
  • Pictographic symbols, plus numbers and time related signs
  • Cuneiform writing system for about 3,000 years
  • Tablets talk about administration, showing scenes of control, order and hierarchy
  • Sumerian Kings List
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32
Q

Liangzhu site

A
  • Neolithic Era 5,500-3,900 BCE
  • Earliest major walled settlement
  • Thick ahh walls, moats and canals
  • Along Yellow River in China
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33
Q

Taosi site

A
  • 4,100 - 4,000 BCE
  • Longshan culture developed along the Yellow river
  • THEY DESTROYED TS Sacked and razed, wall destroyed, burials desecrated, mutilated skeletons
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34
Q

Erlitou

A
  • Part of urban, Dynastic era of 4,000-1,500 BCE
  • Part of Xin dynasty
  • Resources traded from Indian Ocean
  • Miillet and rice farmed
  • Pigs, cattle, sheep raised
  • Existed along Yellow River in China
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35
Q

Zhengzhou and Anyang cities

A
  • Part of Shang Dynasty (first one with writing in China_
  • Dogs and humans sacrificed
  • State buildings constructed
  • Rulers buried elaborately
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36
Q

Cultivars

A

Wild plants fostered/managed by human efforts to make them more productive

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37
Q

Management

A

Manipulation and some degree of control of a wild species. Activities can be defined as any technique that may propagate or protect a species, reduces competition for a species, insures the appearance of a species at a particular time or place, modifies the range and/or distribution of a species, etc.

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38
Q

Cultivation

A

intentional preparation of the soil for planting wild or domesticated plants

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39
Q

Domestication

A

A state of interdependence between humans and selected plant or animal species. Intense selection activity can induce permanent genetic change in the plant or animal population under selection

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40
Q

Cultigen

A

A plant that is dependent on humans; a domesticate

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41
Q

Agriculture

A

Cultural activities associated with planting, herding, and processing domesticated species; farming. A wholesale change toward a new cultural system

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42
Q

“Big five” domesticated mammals

A

cow, sheep, pigs, goats, and horse

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43
Q

Main New World Domesticated animals

A

llama and guinea pig

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44
Q

6 traits that made animals susceptible to domestication

A
  • Easily supplied diet by humans
  • Fast growth rate and short birth spacing
  • Calm disposition
  • Willingness to breed in captivity
  • Willingness to follow the leader dominance hierarchies
  • Calm in enclosures or when faced with predators
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45
Q

Evolution (biological) defintion

A

a change in the relative frequencies of alleles (specific forms of genes) in a breeding population through time (or from generation to generation)

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46
Q

Major societal groupings throughout history

A

Foraging, faming and fossil-fuel

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47
Q

First domesticators

A

Natufian villages of 40-150 people 12,500 years ago in the Eastern Mediterranean

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48
Q

Broad Spectrum Revolution

A
  • likely occurred due to changing environments
  • diverse cultural adaptation
  • wider range of food and plant species we ate
  • human population growth
  • setting: one of open woodlands & grasslands
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49
Q

Hunter-gatherer energy production

A

5,000 kilocalories per day

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50
Q

Holocene

A

Geological epoch in which we live now, which began 11,700 years ago

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51
Q

Hunter-Gatherers

A
  • Small populations, less dense grouping
  • Very mobile (seasonal range)
  • Little investment in shelters or storage features
  • Gathering a diverse range of plants
  • Targeting of smaller mammals, birds, fish, shellfish, repetitive
  • Kinship main organizing force
  • Social status based on age, gender, achievements etc.

Holocene specific:
- Broad Spectrum of resources used
- Specialization of labor
- Cultural adaptation

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52
Q

Collectors

A
  • Large population size
  • Division of labor (specialization)
  • Less mobile (small task groups sent out to collect resources)
  • Greater investments in shelters & store facilities
53
Q

Average farming society energy produced

A

10,000-30,000 kilocalories per day

54
Q

Ohalo II

A
  • Important hunter-gatherer site in Israel from 19,000 BCE
  • Encampment with simple structures
  • Exploiting wild emmer, barley, pistachio, grape, olives - - Upper Paleolithic blade toolkit, plus “bowls” and pestles
55
Q

Guila Naquitz

A
  • Stratified dry cave site in Mexico
  • High seasonal variability: subsistence strategies influenced settlement systems
  • Dry season was more forager (highly mobile exploiting scarce resources), wet season more collector (groups of families sticking together)
56
Q

Fertile Crescent

A

Southwest Asian site of the first forms of domestication of plants and animals; Agriculture/farming

57
Q

Natural Selection

A

Based on concept of ‘selective breeding’ - selection of certain beneficial traits so they will be emphasized in offspring

58
Q

Natufian Culture

A
  • 13,000-9,000 BCE in Eastern Mediterranean
  • More and larger (up to 5x) sites
  • Population increase
  • Permanent settlements, storing cereals in storage pits
  • Sickle blades to cut cereal stems
  • Floated between hunter-gatherer and farmer
  • Some lived in caves some lived in huts
  • Very complex burials, use of animals bones
  • Ate gazelle, snakes, lizards, tortoise and birds
59
Q

Ain Mallaha

A
  • Natufian village: one of the earliest villages in the world! (13,000-9,000 BCE)
  • Round houses, with stone foundations and hearths
  • Up to 200-300 residents in village
  • Collective burials placed in floors of houses
60
Q

Abu Hureyra

A
  • Natufian village long occupied (13,000-9,000 BCE)
  • Gathering & possibly cultivation of “wild” plants, hunting of wild animals like gazelle
  • Farming of domesticated plants, later herding of sheep & goats, then pigs and cattle
  • Circular huts, like Ain Mallaha
  • Small village, 100-200 people
  • Shift from circular to rectangular houses
61
Q

Stratified Tell

A

mound composed of mud brick and refuse, accumulating over generations as buildings were built, demolished, rebuilt etc. thus mounding up over centuries and millennia

62
Q

Early Indus Valley Settlements

A
  • Small, rectangular houses made of mud brick
  • Social differentiation based on one’s profession
  • Artistic depictions of figurines, sculptures, bone carvings, pottery, animals!
  • Seals to officiate things
63
Q

Plant Domestication in Mesopotamia

A

Wheat and barley 10,000 BCE

64
Q

Plant Domestication in China

A

Rice, foxtail, broomcorn in 8,000 BCE

65
Q

Plant Domestication in North America

A

Maize, corn, beans, pepo squash, sunflower, marsh elder, chenopod between 10,000 and 4,000 BCE (pepo squash first)

66
Q

Plant Domestication in South America

A

Potatoes, quinoa, cotton, yams, peppers, arrowroot between 8,000 and 5,000 BCE

67
Q

Plant Domestication in Indonesia

A

Bananas, yams, taro in 7,000 BCE

68
Q

Plant Domestication in Africa

A

African rice, pearl millet, and sorghum between 4,000 and 2,000 BCE

69
Q

Traits of animal domestication

A
  • Animal species outside natural range (herding)
  • Morphological changes
  • Abrupt population increase
70
Q

Pleistocene-Holocene transition

A
  • Began 11.7kya
  • Cultural diversification due to rapid climate change (less ice, more grasslands
71
Q

Pleistocene-Holocene cultural periods

A

Paleolithic in Europe
Archaic in Americas
Epipaleolithic in Asia
Later Stone Age in Africa

72
Q

Last Glacial Maximum

A
  • 28,000-15,000 yrs ago
  • Due to maximum extent of ice sheets, worldwide sea levels dropped 400 feet
  • The Bering Land Bridge connecting Asia and Alaska
  • Cold & dry grasslands with some shrubs
73
Q

The first people to travel to America

A
  • Came 30,000 to 12,000 years ago via Bering Land Straight
  • Communities of mobile hunter-gatherers/foragers
  • Small bands of families (15-35 individuals)
  • Several waves of migrations
74
Q

Clovis Stone Tool Industry

A
  • 13,500 - 12,800 years ago
  • Large fluted spear points
  • Used by early Native Americans to hunt megafauna
75
Q

Migration Hypothesis #1

A
  • Bering Land Bridge + Ice-Free Corridor Route
  • Go through central Alaska and travel through central Canada
76
Q

Migration Hypothesis #2

A
  • North Pacific Coast Route
  • More likely
  • Populations of hunter- gatherer-fishers from Northeast Asia/Siberia moved into the Americas by traveling down the ice- free Pacific coastline
77
Q

Monte Verde, Chile

A
  • Up to 12 temporary tent-structures with wood frames and hide walls
  • Large round structure with a patio and sand/gravel foundation
  • 20-30 people
78
Q

White Sands, New Mexico

A
  • 21-23 kya (oldest dated site in Americas)
  • Collections of pollen and small seeds
79
Q

Paisley Caves, Oregon

A
  • 14.5 kya
  • Pre-Clovis
80
Q

Santa Rosa Island, SoCal

A

Island-coastal adapted cultures by 13,000+ years ago

81
Q

Pre-Clovis

A

There is now good evidence for earlier arrival of “pre-Clovis” Native Americans

82
Q

Diuktai Cave, Siberia

A

Pre-Colvis site 16.8kya with diverse tool kit

83
Q

Types of evidence used for Clovis and pre-Clovis

A

Human footprints, tools, settlements evidenced by radiocarbon dating

84
Q

Post Last Glacial Maxim

A
  • Started 15kya
  • Canadian Ice sheet over Canada shrinks
  • By 13 kya, the ice-free corridor was habitable by human groups
  • Expanded forest tundra and grasslands in North America
85
Q

Behaviorally modern humans

A
  • Anatomically, people started looking like us 300kya
  • Culture (learned behavior) 50kya
86
Q

Mousterian Tool Industry

A
  • Middle Paleolithic, 250-40 kya
  • Scrapers, backed knives and sharper points
87
Q

Tool Timeline

A

Oldawan, Achedean, Mousterian and Upper Paleolithic

88
Q

Upper Paleolithic Tool Industry

A
  • Post 50kya
  • Retouched blades, bladelins/microlith stone tools, cores
  • Bone needle to sew clothes
89
Q

African Middle Stone Age

A
  • 280-50kya
  • Stone points used in spears, found in South Africa cave
  • Bone harpoons
90
Q

Flake

A

a type of stone tool that was used during the Stone Age that was created by striking a flake from a prepared stone core

91
Q

Fluting

A

process of striking the base of the blade towards the tip

92
Q

Denisovans

A
  • Distant cousins of modern humans, found in Asia
  • Much genetically closer to Neanderthals
  • Lived 50-200kya all over Eurasia
  • Genetic adaptation to high altitude in the Ethiopian highlands
93
Q

Morphology of early anatomically modern humans

A
  • No retromolar space
  • Chin
  • Small nose
  • Canine fossa
  • Vertical forehead
  • Smaller browridges
  • Smaller face
  • Rounded occipital
94
Q

Homo luzonensis

A
  • Fossils found in Callao Cave, Luzon in the Philippines
  • Older than 50kya
  • Mix of australopith-like and modern-like traits
  • Short stature
95
Q

Upper Paleolithic Material Culture/Symbolic Behavior: “the full package”

A
  • Started by Upper Paleolithic humans 50kya
  • Abstract & realistic art incases and body decoration
  • Carved figurines
  • Beads made of ostrich eggshell, bones/ivory/teeth
  • Musical instruments (bone pipes, flutes etc.)
  • Practiced ritual burials
  • Ex. Siberian site of Sungir, with jewelry, tools & sculpture found in burial site (dated to 15kya)

Plus practical stuff:
- Microlithic stone tools (especially blades and burins)
- Grinding and pounding stone tools
- Improved hunting and trapping tools (spear throwers, bow and arrows, boomerangs, nets etc.)
- Increase in long distance transfer of raw materials

96
Q

AMH vs Neandertals: subistinence and material culture

A
  • Modern human & Neanderthal DNA 99.5-99.99% identical
  • AMHs exploited more prey types
  • We have more complex shelters (mammoth bone hut)
  • Evidence of sewn clothes
97
Q

Demographers have calculated the minimal # of individuals needed to create & maintain a viable breeding population and gene pool and that number isssssss……

A

500

98
Q

Jebel Irhoud

A
  • One of the earliest Homo sapiens sites
  • Lived in Morocco 300kya
99
Q

Skhul

A

Site in Israel of 10 AMHs from 130-100kya with deliberate burials

100
Q

Qafzeh

A

Site in Israel of 14 AMHs from 120-90kya with deliberate burials

101
Q

African replacement (Out-of-Africa II)/Assimilation Hypothesis

A
  • Theory that modern homo sapiens evolved in African and then expanded out, also breeding with archaic homo species outside Africa
  • Evidenced by Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes
  • Neanderthals and AMH split about 600kya
102
Q

Multiregional Evolution

A
  • Theory that modern homo sapiens migrated out of Africa and then evolved simultaneously but separately with some gene flow between populations
  • Neanderthals and AMH split about 600kya
103
Q

Homo naledi

A
  • Hominim species found in Rising Star Cave, South Africa (15 individuals)
  • 236-335 kya
  • Some homo features: humanesque skull, versatile hands, long legs and humanesque feet
  • Some austrolopith features: small brain, primitive shoulders, flared pelvis and curved fingers
104
Q

Kebara

A

Israeli site from 60kya with evidence of symbolic burial

105
Q

La Chappelle-aux-Saints

A

French cave site with adult Neanderthal man withe evidence of deliberate burial with 60kya

106
Q

La Ferrassie

A

Site of deliberately buried Neanderthal in France from 50kya

107
Q

Neanderthal traits (just get gist)

A
  • Adapted for cold
  • Large brains
  • Big noses: to warm air and take in a high volume of air
  • Cranium circular from rear
  • Thinner bones
  • No saggital keel
  • Receding frontal bone
  • Mid-facial prognathism
  • Occipital bun
  • Heavily muscled
  • Thicker limbs
  • Barrel-shaped chest
  • Bowed femora
  • Weighed 30% > AMHs
  • Limb proportions like modern Arctic people
108
Q

Significant sites of Neanderthals

A
  • La Chappelle-aux-Saints, France
  • La Ferrassie, France
  • Neander Valley, Germany
  • Engis, Belgium
  • Forbes’ Quarry, Gibraltar
109
Q

Neanderthal Subsistence strategy

A
  • Successful big-game hunters: horses, mammoths, deer, bison, elephants, etc.
  • Attacked from close-range with spears
    – “Rodeo rider” type head & neck injuries
  • Also gathered plants where and when available, processed & cooked them
  • Some use of aquatic resources (shellfish, crab, etc.)
110
Q

Neanderthal Material and Living Culture

A
  • Necklace made from perforated teeth, ivory and eagle talons
  • Pigments for art? (potential use of materials for symbolic/artistic purposes)
  • Mousterian tools
  • Used tar as glue maybe
  • Lived in caves with hearths (controlled use of fire)
111
Q

Microliths

A

small and precise stone tools

112
Q

Island Dwarfism (insular)

A

idea that small islands lead to small animals getting larger and large animals getting small due to resource availability

113
Q

Kabwe

A
  • 125-600 thousand year old Homo heidelbergensis skull found in Zimbabwe
  • Mix of ancestral (H. erectus-like) traits & derived (H. sapiens-like) traits
114
Q

Bodo

A
  • 600 thousand year old Homo heidelbergensis skull found in Ethiopia
  • More primitive than Kabwe (higher facial prognathicism, slight sagittal keel, flat & receding forehead (like Kabwe), thick, but not continuous supraorbital torus)
115
Q

Sima de los Huesos

A
  • Pit of Bones in Atapuerca, Spain from 500-400kya
  • Homo antecessor
  • Mix of features but lean more toward Neanderthal-like anatomy rather than an AMH
116
Q

Middle Pleistocene Homo nicknames

A

Aka “archaic Homo sapiens” aka “The Muddle in the Middle”

117
Q

Time period that Neanderthals and Denovians (last living ancestors of AMH) lived in

A

Middle Pleistocene 800-100kya

118
Q

Homo antecessor

A
  • Earliest hominins in Europe (1.2-0.8 mya)
  • Found in Sima de los Huesos
  • Animal bones with cutmarks (chopping the meat up?)
119
Q

Homo cepranensis

A

Early hominin found in Italy (1.2-0.8 mya)
“Cerano Man”

120
Q

Out-of-Africa I

A
  • Homo Erectus leaves Africa 2-1.8 mya
  • Likely increasing population and adapting to exploit different habitats
121
Q

Middle Pleistocene Homo in Asia

A

Mix of homo Erectus features and AMH, more modern looking than in Europe

122
Q

Zhoukoudian, China

A

Limestone cave system has homo erectus, “Peking Man” from 780 – 250 kya

123
Q

Homo erectus morphology (get gist)

A
  • Low forehead
  • Big brain
  • Long & low braincase
  • Occipital crest
  • Angular torus
  • No chin
  • Less facial prognathism
  • Saggital keel
  • Small teeth
  • Large & continuos supraorbital torus
124
Q

Homo erectus in Africa aka homo ergaster

A
  • Found at Koobi Fora & West Turkana, Kenya & Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania & Drimolen and Swartkrans, South Africa
  • Dates from 1.9-0.9 mya
  • Turkana (Nariokotome) boy (1.6 million year old skull in West Turkana, Kenya)
125
Q

Dmanisi, Georgia

A
  • 1.7 million year old skull found
  • Similar to African Homo erectus, but more ancestral traits
  • Small brain and short
126
Q

Homo erectus tools and material culture

A
  • Tools lasted more than a million years
  • More big game hunting: megafauna
  • Biface handaxes
  • Controlled use of fire (burnt wood and charred bones found)
127
Q

Bifaces tools

A

stone-tools that are flaked on both sides, such as hand axes, picks & cleavers

128
Q

Presence of homo in Indonesia

A

Homo erectus lived there 1.3-1.45 mya
- Got there via low sea levels during glacial periods opening Sunda Shelf between continental Asia and Java

Homo florensis/the hobbit lived here 100-60kya
- Had tiny brains, thick bones, no chin and was 3 feet tall
- Hunted wide range of animals like giant rat

Intro. to Biological & Archeological Anthropology (4 decks)

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