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NCD 4 Flashcards

1
Q

A type of disease that is slow and progressive. This is a type of disease that occurs in an individual which cannot be transmitted towards another person.

A

Non-Communicable Diseases

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2
Q

Non-Communicable Diseases are chronic or infectious in nature?

A

Chronic (Long Duration)

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3
Q

What is the leading cause of death to people?

A

Non-Communicable Diseases

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4
Q

Other name/term for Non-Communicable Diseases and has something to do with our day-to-day living, food, activities, inclination to various practices, and predisposes an individual to develop such in due time.

A

Lifestyle-Related Diseases

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5
Q

Products of unhealthy habits which includes behavioral and modifiable risk factors.

  • Result of unhealthy habits
  • Behavioral and modifiable risk factors like: smoking, alcohol abuse, consuming too much fat, salt, and sugar, and physical inactivity - DOH
A

Lifestyle

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6
Q

Genetic origin of an individual. Passed from a parent to their child.

A

Hereditary

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7
Q

Includes the occupational setting where we work on our own

A

Environmental

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8
Q

What are the four types of non-communicable diseases?

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus
  2. Cardiovascular disease
  3. Cancer
  4. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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9
Q

Diabetes mellitis, cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

A

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

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10
Q

Diabetes mellitus is defined as an 8-hr fasting glucose level of ___ mg/dL or higher

A

126

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11
Q

Excessive blood glucose. Resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.

A

Hyperglycemia

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12
Q

Diabetes Mellitus happens when the pancreas does not produce ___.

A

Insulin

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13
Q

What is Type l DM?

A

Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) or Juvenile-onset Diabetes Mellitus

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14
Q

Which type of DM is caused by the body attacking its own pancreas with antibodies?

A

Type l DM

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15
Q
  • Genetic
  • Environment
  • May be acquired due to viruses & chemical toxins

What type of DM?

A

Type I DM

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16
Q

Type II DM is also known as:

A

Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDM)

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17
Q

Which is the most common type of DM where the pancreas makes less insulin than used to, and your body becomes resistant to insulin?

A

Type II DM

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18
Q

Type II DM is characterized by HDR cholesterol lower than ___, and triglyceride level over ___.

A

40 mg/dL, 150 mg/dL??

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19
Q

Insufficient amount of Insulin is called:

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

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20
Q

Inability of the cells to use hormone, which inhibits the cell’s ability to absorb and then use the glucose for metabolic processes.

A

Insulin resistance

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21
Q

Type of diabetes brought by pregnancy hormones.

A

Gestational Diabetes (GD)

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22
Q

3 P’s of DM

A
  • Polyuria
  • Polydipsia
  • Polyphagia
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23
Q

Excessive/Frequent Urination

A

Polyuria (More than 3 L a day)

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24
Q

Excessive Thirst

A

Polydipsia (Dry mouth —> xerostamia)

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25
Q

Excessive Hunger/Eating lots amount of Food

A

Polyphagia

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26
Q

What do you call the screening test for Blood Sugar?

A

FBS TEST or Fasting Blood Sugar Test

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27
Q

A normal Glucose level is equivalent to ____ mg/dL.

A

100

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28
Q

A prediabetes Glucose level is equivalent to ____ mg/dL.

A

100-125

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29
Q

This type of screening requires individuals to have no food or drink for 8-12 hours prior to test.

A

2-Hour Blood Sugar Test or Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

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30
Q

This type of Screening test requires the individual of their blood taken and put on a test strip. Blood test is taken from the fingertips using a lancet, then put in a glucometer

A

Random Blood Sugar Test a.k.a. Casual Blood Glucose Test

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31
Q

KEY AREAS FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DIABETES MELLITUS

A
  • Maintain body weight & prevent obesity
  • Encourage proper nutrition
  • Promote regular physical activity & exercise
  • Smoking cessation for active smokers & prevent exposure to second hand smoke
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32
Q

This is a sustained elevation in mean arterial pressure

A

Hypertension

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33
Q

Hypertension’s sustained systolic BP of ___ mmHg or more & sustained DBP of ____ mmHg or more based on measurements done during at least 2 visits taken at least 1 week apart

A

140, 90

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34
Q

Classifications of Hypertension:

A
  • PRIMARY or ESSENTIAL or IDIOPATHIC HPN
  • SECONDARY HPN
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35
Q

Risk Factors of Hypertension:

A
  • Family Hx
  • Age
  • High Salt Intake
  • Obesity
  • Excessive Alcohol Intake
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36
Q

KEY AREAS FOR PREVENTION OF HPN

A
  • Encourage proper nutrition
  • Prevent becoming overweight or obese
  • Smoking cessation
  • Identify people with risk factors & encourage regular check-ups for possible HPN & modification of risk factors.
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37
Q

This is a heart disease caused by impaired coronary blood flow.

A

Coronary Heart Disease

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38
Q

What is the other term for Coronary Artery Disease?

A

ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE

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39
Q

This usually occurs when a person has high levels of cholesterol in the blood.

A

Atherosclerosis

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40
Q
  • Elevated blood lipids/cholesterol
  • HPN
  • Smoking
  • Diabetes Mellitus or DM
  • Obesity
  • Physical inactivity/Sedentary Lifestyle
  • Stress

What type of risk factors?

A

Modifiable Risk Factors

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41
Q
  • Heredity/Family hx
  • Gender
  • Increasing age

What type of risk factors?

A

Non-Modifiable Risk Factors

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42
Q

KEY AREAS FOR PREVENTION OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

A
  • Promote regular physical activity & exercise
  • Encourage proper nutrition
  • Maintain body weight & prevent obesity
  • Smoking cessation: active & passive smoking
  • Early dx, prompt tx, & control of diabetes & HPN
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43
Q

This describes the loss or alteration of bodily function that results from an insufficient supply of blood to some parts of the BRAIN. One of the leading causes of disability.

A

Cerebrovascular Disease or Stroke

44
Q

This is a stroke caused by a thrombus (blood clot) that develops in the arteries supplying blood to the brain.

A

Thrombotic Stroke

45
Q

This type of stroke usually caused by a blood clot that forms elsewhere in the body (embolus) and travels through the bloodstream to the brain. Embolic strokes often result from heart disease or heart surgery and occur rapidly and without any warning signs.

A

Embolic Stroke

46
Q

This stroke happens due to bleeding into the brain by the rupture of a blood vessel. This stroke may be further subdivided into intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Hemorrhagic stroke is associated with severe morbidity and high mortality.

A

Hemorrhagic stroke

47
Q

A blood clot forms in an artery in the brain that is already narrowed by cholesterol deposits.

A

Thrombosis

48
Q

A block in an artery in the brain by a piece of material like a blood clot, piece of fat or air bubble traveling in the blood from another part of the body.

A

Embolism

49
Q

An artery in the brain bursts and bleeds. This may be due to high blood pressure, head injury or a weal artery wall from birth.

A

Bleeding

50
Q

An artery in the brain is pinched by spasm or a tumor.

A

Compression

51
Q
  • Increasing age
  • Sex
  • Hereditary & race
  • HPN
  • Smoking
  • DM
  • Heart Disease
  • High RBC count
  • Season & climate
  • Socio-economic factors
  • Excessive alcohol intake
  • Certain kinds of drug abuse
A

Risk factors of Stoke

52
Q

KEY AREAS FOR PREVENTION OF STROKE

A
  • Tx & control of HPN
  • Smoking cessation, smoke free environement
  • Prevent thrombus formation in RHD & arrhythmias with appropriate medications
  • Limit alcohol consumption
  • Avoid IV drug abuse & cocaine
  • Prevent all other risk factors of atherosclerosis
53
Q

Characterized by uncontrolled growth & spread of abnormal cells

A

Cancer

54
Q

Direct migration & penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues.

A

Invasion

55
Q

Ability of cancer to penetrate into lymphatic & blood vessels, circulate through the bloodstream, & then invade normal tissues elsewhere in the body.

A

Metastasis

56
Q

These are tumors are those that stay in their primary location without invading other sites of the body. Mass stays in a particular place, movable.

A

Benign

57
Q

These are abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. These cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. Tumor that invades and infiltrates sure ending tissue

A

Malignant

58
Q

Causes of Cancer:

A
  • Hereditary/Family hx
  • Carcinogens
  • Chemicals & environmental agents
  • Benzopyrene
  • Nitrosamines
  • Radiations
  • Viruses
59
Q

Risk Factors:

  • Tobacco use, including cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco & snuff
  • Radiation exposure
  • Second-hand smoke
A

Lung Cancer

60
Q

Risk Factors:

  • Tobacco use (cigarette, cigar, pipe, smokeless tobacco)
  • Excessive alcohol use
  • Chronic irritation (e.g. ill-fitting dentures)
  • Vitamin A deficiency
A

Oral Cancer

61
Q

Risk Factors:

  • Tobacco use (cigarette, cigar, pipe, smokeless tobacco)
  • Poor nutrition
  • Alcohol
  • Weakened immune system
  • Occupational exposure to wood dust, paint fumes
  • Gender: 4-5 times more common in men
  • Age: more than 60 years
A

Laryngeal Cancer

62
Q

Risk Factors:

  • Tobacco use (cigarette, cigar, pipe, smokeless tobacco)
  • Occupational exposure: dyes, solvents
  • Chronic bladder inflammation
A

Bladder Cancer

63
Q

Risk Factors:

  • Tobacco use (cigarette, cigar, pipe, smokeless tobacco): increase risk by 40%
  • Obesity
  • Diet: well-cooked meat
  • Occupational exposure: asbestos, organic solvents
  • Age: 50-70 years ol
A

Renal Cancer

64
Q

Risk Factors:

  • Tobacco use (cigarette, cigar, pipe, smokeless tobacco)
  • Human papillomavirus infection
  • Chlamydia infection
  • Diet: low in fruits & vegetables
  • Family hx of cervical cancer
A

Cervical Cancer

65
Q

Risk Factors:

  • Tobacco use (cigarette, cigar, pipe, smokeless tobacco)
  • Alcohol
  • Gender: 3 times more common in men
  • Diet: low in fruits & vegetables
A

Esophageal Cancer

66
Q

Risk Factors:

  • Early menarche/late menopause
  • Age
  • High fat diet
  • Obesity
  • Physical inactivity
  • Family hx
  • Alcohol consumption
A

Breast Cancer

67
Q

Risk Factors:

  • Personal/family hx of polyps
  • High fat diet &/or low fiber diet
  • Hx of ulcerative colitis
  • Age: >50 year
A

Colonic Cancer

68
Q

Risk Factors:

  • Urethral Obstruction
    • Urinary frequency
    • Nocturia
    • Decrease in stream
    • Post void dribbling
  • DRE, PSA
A

Prostate Cancer

69
Q

Risk Factors:

  • Certain types of viral hepatitis
  • Liver Cirrhosis
  • Long-term exposure to aflatoxin
A

Liver Cancer

70
Q

Risk Factors:

  • Unprotected exposure to strong sunlight
  • Fair complexion
  • Occupational exposure
A

Skin Cancer

71
Q

Risk Factors:

  • Estrogen replacement therapy
  • Early menarche/late menopause
A

Uterine/Endometrial Cancer

72
Q

KEY AREAS FOR PRIMARY PREVENTION OF CANCERS

A
  • Smoking cessation
  • Proper diet/nutrition
  • Alcoholic beverages in moderation
  • Avoid/Control Obesity
  • Early diagnosis
73
Q

CAUTIONUS

A
  • C: Change in bowel or bladder habits
  • A: A Sore that does not heal
  • U: Unusual bleeding or discharge
  • T: Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
  • I: Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
  • O: Obvious change in ware or mole
  • N: Nagging cough or hoarseness invoice
  • U: Unexplained anemia
  • S: Sudden weight loss
74
Q

SPECIFIC GUIDELINES TO EARLY DETECTION OF COMMON CANCERS

What are the warning signs of BREAST CANCER?

A
  • Skin changes
  • Nipple abnormalities
  • Abnormal contours
75
Q

What are the early detection of BREAST CANCER?

A
  • BSE
  • Breast mammography
76
Q

What are the warning signs of CERVICAL CANCER?

A
  • Often asymptomatic
  • Abnormal vaginal bleeding
77
Q

What are the early detection of CERVICAL CANCER?

A
  • Pap’s Smear
78
Q

What are the warning signs of PROSTATE CANCER?

A
  • Change in stool
  • Rectal bleeding
  • Pressure on the rectum
  • Abdominal pain
79
Q

What are the early detection of PROSTATE CANCER?

A
  • Annual DRE starting at age of 40
  • Annual stool blood test starting at age 50
  • Annual inspection of colon
80
Q

What are the warning signs of LUNG CANCER?

A
  • Chronic cough or nagging cough
  • Dull intermittent, localized pain
  • Hx of weight loss
  • Persons with long hx of smoking &/or smoking 2 or more packs cigarette per day
81
Q

What are the early detection of LUNG CANCER?

A
  • Chest x-ray
  • Sputum cytology
82
Q

True or False. High salt intake does not link to hypertension

A

False. High sodium consumption can raise blood pressure, and high blood pressure is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke.

83
Q

An abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel

A

Peripheral vascular disease

84
Q

Blood cholesterol above 200 mg indicate?

A

Borderline High (Diabetes)

85
Q

What are some or the chemicals (Carcinogens) that causes cancer?

A
  • Asbestos
  • Nickel
  • Cadmium
  • Radon
  • Vinyl chloride
  • Benzidene
  • Benzene.
86
Q

This is the type of Cancer caused by tobacco use and second hand smoking.

A

Lung Cancer

87
Q

This is what you call the procedure of removing the breast.

A

Mastectomy

88
Q

This what you call frequent urination at night.

A

Nocturia

89
Q

Cancer caused by liver cirrhosis and long term exposure to aflatoxin.

A

Liver Cancer

90
Q

Cancer caused by urethral obstruction.

A

Urethral Cancer

91
Q

Cancer caused by unprotected exposure to strong sunlight.

A

Skin Cancer

92
Q

Cancer that requires estrogen replacement therapy.

A

Endometrial Cancer

93
Q

Surgical removal of the uterus, and most likely, the cervix.

A

Hysterectomy

94
Q

Airflow limitation that is not fully reversible, usually progressive & associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases.

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

95
Q

What is the term that described the low level of oxygen in the blood?

A

Hypoxemia

96
Q

Too much carbon dioxide is in the blood.

A

Hypercapnia or Hypercarbia

97
Q

Abnormally elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

A

Respiratory or metabolic alkalosis.

98
Q

COPD is diagnosed through what procedure?

A

Spirometry

99
Q

This is operationally defined as a way of life that promotes and protects health and well-being of an individual.

A

Healthy Lifestyle

100
Q

Heart Month

A

Febraury

101
Q

World No tobacco day.

A

May 31, 2023 Wednesday

102
Q

World No Tobacco Month

A

May

103
Q

Nutrition month

A

July

104
Q

Mental Health Week

A

Second Week of October

105
Q

National Health Day

A

April 7

106
Q

Goal and Objective of Mag-HL Tayo Campaign

A

To raise the awareness of the Filipinos on the need to practice healthier lifestyles and have an environment supportive of healthy lifestyle.

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