DCP 2 Flashcards
This study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. This is basic sciences of public health.
Epidemiology
What does the Greek work Epi mean?
On/Upon
What does the Greek work Demos mean?
People
What does the Greek work Logos mean?
The Study
This what you call what would be the causes and the factors in understanding the processes behind the occurrence of the disease.
Also called as the “risk-factors”.
Determinants
A determinant of Health Events which states that relationship that exists between the number or cases of a particular disease and the size of the population.
Frequency
A determinant of Health Events which states that occurrence of health-related events by time, place and person.
Pattern
This is what you call a disorder of structure or function in humans especially in one that produces specific symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury.
Disease
The traditional model for infectious disease.
Epidemiologic Triad
Who proposed the Epidemiologic Triad?
John Wade Frost (1928)
This is a dynamic interactive element that states that an infectious microorganism or pathogen which exposure to an organism will result in disease through a variety of factors.
Agent
AGENTS can be:
- Physical agents
- Chemical agents
- Nutrient agents
- Mechanical agents
- Social agents
This is a dynamic interactive element that states that this what you call a human who gets the disease. Exposure, susceptibility, or response to a causative agent is influenced by risk factors.
Host
HOST is influenced by:
- Demographic characteristics
- Biological characteristics
- Socioeconomic characteristics
This is a dynamic interactive element that states that extrinsic factors that affect the agent and the opportunity for exposure to the host.
Environment
ENVIRONMENT extrinsic factors include:
Physical environment
Biological environment
Social environment
True or False. Epidemiology will not be able to take place without the presence of disease.
True
There is interaction between host, pathogen, and environment.
Infectious Disease Model
Multifactorial nature of causation of a particular disease.
Pie as a representation of the different contributing factors as to the development of a disease. It can be used even if it is non-infectious in origin
Causal Pies
Who developed Causal Pies?
Kenneth J. Rothman (1976)
A type of cause that states individual factor that contributes to cause disease shown as a piece of pie. This is what contributes to the development of the disease.
Component Cause
What are some examples of Component Cause?
- Hypertension
- Stroke
- Type A personality
- Heart disease
A type of cause that states component that appears in every pie or pathway wherein without it, disease does not occur.
Necessary Cause
What are some examples of Necessary Cause?
- Treponema pallidum
- Syphilis
A type of cause that shows that it is a complete pie. The causal pathway to the development of a disease.
Sufficient Cause
What are some examples of Sufficient Cause?
- Skin contact with a strong acid
- Burn
This is brought by specific infectious agent that can be directly or indirectly transmitted.
infectious in nature. It develops quickly in individual with a rapid onset and short duration of disease.
Communicable Disease
How will communicable diseases transmit directly or indirectly?
- man to man
- animal to man
- animal to animal
- environment to man
This changes of pattern of infectious diseases Discovery of new infections and the possibility that some chronic diseases have an infective origin.
Importance of Understanding Communicable Diseases
This cannot be transmitted towards another person. Chronic in nature and slow onset and long duration of disease.
Non-Communicable Disease
Sequence of events pertaining to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time. Absence of treatment.
Natural History of Disease
Stages of Natural History of Disease:
- Stage of susceptibility
- Stage of Subclinical Disease (Pathologic Changes)
- Stage of Clinical Disease
- Stage of Recovery, Disability, or Death
This stage is where individual becomes more prone to develop a disease brought about by various factors due to a higher rate of exposure from the pathogen.
Stage of Susceptibility
In Stage of Susceptibility, this allow the body to respond accordingly to the presence of pathogen.
Exposure to pathogens
This stage influence in the physiologic activities of the individual’s body without him/her being aware of them during this time. Pathologic changes already develop
disease is asymptomatic during this stage
Stage of Subclinical Disease
Type of time of exposure to onset of disease symptoms for infectious diseases.
Incubation Period
Type of time of exposure to onset of disease symptoms for chronic diseases.
Latency Period
This stage is where most diagnoses are being made. Validate the existence of an abnormality in the body.
Stage of Clinical Disease
Range as to the effect of disease process in an individual from mild to severe or fatal (recovery, disability or death)
Spectrum of Diseases
Proportion of exposed persons who become infected. Determining how many among the exposed should isolate or quarantine in order to limit the exposure of a disease.
Infectivity
Proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease
Pathogenicity
Proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal. The potential of a particular agent in terms of counteracting the activity of the body.
Virulence
This is the stage called end result. Whether he/she recuperates from the condition or will it worsen.
Stage of Recovery, Disability or Death
This is the result of continuous interaction of the elements and could lead to the transmission of agent from one susceptible host towards another.
Chain of Infection
What are the 6 components of Infection?
- Infectious/Infecting agent
- Reservoir
- Route of exit
- Mode of transmission
- Route of entry
- Susceptible Host
Pathogen. Microorganism that brings forth disease towards the host.
Infectious (Infecting) Agent
This is a source or “habitat”. Starting point for the occurrence of a communicable disease. Where the agent lives, grows, and/or multiplies.
Reservoir
There are how many Reservoirs?
3 (three): Human Reservoir, Animal Reservoir, & Environmental Reservoir.
This type of reservoir is the most common for infectious
diseases Person-to-person and it can be a case or carrier.
Human Reservoir
A person identified as having the particular disease.
Case (Symptomatic)
Inapparent infection
Carrier (Asymptomatic)
This type reservoir has the humans as incidental hosts.
Animal Reservoir
This what you call an animal to animal transmission. Infectious transmissible under natural (vertebrate animals to humans).
Zoonosis
This type of reservoir has soil and other inanimate matter.
Environmental Reservoir
Pathogens leaves its host.
Route of Exit
This shows how an infectious agent can be spread from host to another.
Mode of Transmission
Direct transmission:
Ex:
- Skin-to-skin contact
- Kissing
- Sexual Intercourse
are called:
Direct Contact
Direct transmission:
Ex:
- Sneezing
- Coughing
- Talking
are called:
Droplet Spread
Indirect transmission:
Ex:
- Agent is carried by dust or droplet suspended in air.
Called:
Airborne
Indirect transmission:
Ex:
- Agent include food, water, biologic products, and fomites.
Called:
Vehicles
Indirect transmission:
Ex:
- Agent is carried through mechanical means
Called:
Vectors
Pathogens enters a susceptible host.
Route of Entry
This is the final link where the individual potentiates the development of disease.
Susceptible Host
Scattered about and occurs infrequently and irregularly. Separated widely in time and place.
Sporadic Disease
This is a type of disease is constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease within a geographic area. Usual or expected frequency of disease
Endemic Disease
This is a type of disease is persistent, high levels of disease occurrence. A disease is constantly present at high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all age groups equally.
Hyperendemic Disease
This is a type of disease is high level of infection beginning early in life, affecting most of the child population.
Holoendemic Disease
This is a type of disease increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in an area.
Epidemic Disease
Massively highly case confined in one area
Disease Outbreak
Aggression of cases grouped in place and time that are suspected to be greater than the number expected
Disease cluster
Epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents that affects a large portion of the population
Pandemic Disease
Imported into a country in which they do not otherwise occur
Exotic Disease
- Recent increase in amount or virulence
- Introduction of the agent into a setting
- Enhanced mode of transmission
- Change in the susceptibility of the host response to the agent
- Increase host exposure or new portals of entry
Factors Affecting Increase of Cases
Promotion of healthy environmental conditions and prevention of environmental-related disease.
Environment, Health and Sanitation (EHS)
Study factors in man’s physical environment
Environmental Sanitation
- Water quality surveillance
- Evaluation of food establishments
- Proper solid and liquid management
- Sanitation of public places waste
- Sanitation management of disaster areas
- Assessment of environmentally critical projects
- Enforcement of different sanitation laws, rules, regulations, standards
Strategies for environmental sanitation
Major programs for environmental sanitation:
- Health and Sanitation
- Water Supply Sanitation
- Proper Excreta and Sewage Disposal Systems
- Food Sanitation Program
- Hospital Waste Management
