CD 3 Flashcards
This is what you describe any disease that passes from one person to another. It is usually mild and symptoms pass after a few days.
Communicable Disease
What are the most common Communicable Disease?
- COVID-19
- Pneumonia
- Tuberculosis
This is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Nature and Cause
This emerged in Wuhan City, Hubei, China in December 2019. Belong to lineage B of the genus Betacoronavirus. And is closely related to SARS-CoV (responsible for SARS outbreak in Hong Kong in 2003).
SARS-CoV-2
Ways of Exposure:
- Inhalation of very fine respiratory droplets and aerosol particles.
- Deposition of respiratory droplets and particles on exposed mucous membranes in the mouth, nose, or eye by direct splashes and sprays.
- Touching mucous membranes with hands that have been soiled either directly by virus-containing respiratory fluids or indirectly by touching surfaces with virus on them.
What are the most common symptoms after exposure?
- Fever
- Cough
- Tiredness
- Loss of taste and/or smell
What are the least common symptoms after exposure?
- Sore throat
- Headache
- Aches and pains
- Diarrhea
- Rash on skin or discoloration of fingers or toes
- Red or irritated eyes
What are the serious symptoms after exposure?
- Difficulty of breathing or shortness of breath
- Loss of speech or mobility or confusion
- Chest pain
Prevention & Control for Less Exposure
- Practice frequent and proper handwashing
- Practice proper cough etiquette
- Cover mouth and nose using tissue when coughing or sneezing
- Move away from people when coughing
- Do not spit in public
- Throw away used tissues properly
- Always wash your hands after sneezing or coughing
- Wear protective gear
- Maintain distance of at least 1m
- Avoid unprotected contact with farm or wild animals
- Ensure that food is well-cooked
In nature, this is when the alveoli is filled with pus and fluid, which makes breathing painful and limits oxygen intake.
Pneumonia
Which type of causative agent is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in children?
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Which type of causative agent is the 2nd most common cause of bacterial pneumonia?
Haemophilus Influenza Type B (Hib)
Which type of causative agent is the most common viral
cause?
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
This is one of the most common causes of pneumonia and responsible for at least one quarter of all pneumonia deaths in HIV-infected infants.
HIV Pneumocystis Jiroveci
Signs and Symptoms of Pneumonia
- Cough (yellow, green, or bloody mucus)
- Fever, sweating, ang shaking chills
- Shortness of breath
- Rapid, shallow breathing
- Sharp or stabbing chest pain that gets worse when you breathe deeply or cough
- Loss of appetite, low energy, and fatigue
- Nausea or vomiting (usually children)
- Confusion (usually adults)
Mode of Transmission of Pneumonia
- Air-borne
- Droplets (from cough or sneeze)
- Through blood (during or shortly after birth)
Prevention for Pneumonia
- Immunization against Hib, pneumococcus, measles, and whooping cough (pertussis)
- Adequate nutrition to improve children’s natural defenses (exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life)
- Addressing environmental factors
- Good hygiene
- Antibiotic cotrimoxazole (for children infected with HIV)
This is a contagious infection that usually attacks your lungs. It can spread to other parts of the body (brain and spine).
Tuberculosis
Causative Agent of Tuberculosis.
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
This type of tuberculosis have the germs in your body but the immune system keeps them from spreading. This is asymptomatic and not contagious. The infection is still alive and can be active one day.
Latent TB
This type of Tuberculosis have germs multiple/multiply and make you sick and it can spread the disease to others.
Active TB
Symptoms of an Active TB
- Cough (3 weeks)
- Chest pain
- Coughing of blood
- Feeling tired all the time
- Chills
- Night sweats
- Loss of appetite
- Fever
- Weight Loss
Prevention & Control for TB
- Take all your medication (latent TB)
- Limit your contact with other people (active TB)
- If traveling to a place where TB is common, avoid spending a lot of time in crowded places with sick people
- Immunization
Involves a disorder of structure or function in humans, especially one that produces specific symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply direct result of physical injury
Disease
Forming a triangle with 3 interactive elements
Epidemiologic Triad
The interaction of the three dynamic elements of the epidemiological triad results to:
Disease
Accounts to multifactorial nature of causation of a particular disease
Causal Pies
What is the 3 components of the infectious disease model?
Host, Pathogen, Environment
Prone or increase of inclination
Susceptible
Focus of the stage of susceptibility
Exposure to pathogen
Focus of Stage of subclinical disease
Determining changes
True or False. During the stage of subclinical disease, the individual appears to be asymptomatic.
True
When conditions worsen, it leads to
Chronic Disease?
Involves a range as to the effect of disease process in an individual from mild to severe or fatal which ultimately results to either in recovery, disability, or death
Spectrum of Disease
Refers to the proportion of exposed persons who become infected
Infectivity
Refers to the proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease
Pathogenicity
Refers to the proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal
Virulence
This is the result of continuous interaction of the elements that could lead to the transmission of agent from one susceptible host towards another as it takes place
Chain of Infection
Skin-to-skin contact, kissing and sexual intercourse are examples of what kind of mode of transmission?
Direct Contact
Spray with relatively large, short-range aerosols produced by sneezing, coughing, or even talking are examples of what kind of mode of transmission?
Droplet spread
