Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BB Test 4 > NBME Neuro > Flashcards

NBME Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Alar plate

A

Posterior horn, sensory area of spinal cord. also it is the lateral part of the brainstem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Basal plate

A

Anterior horn, motor area of spinal cord, also it is the medial part of the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cerebral hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Metencephalon

A

Pons and Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Myencephalon

A

Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When do neuropores fuse?

A

4th week of pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

Failure of bony spinal canal to close. there is no herniation–tuft of hair.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Meningocele

A

Meninges herniate through spinal canal defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Meningomyelocele

A

Meninges and spinal cord herniate through spinal canal defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

Failure of right and left hemispheres to separate. usually occurs during weeks 5-6. may be related to SHH. moderate forms are cleft lip and palate. severe is cyclopia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Syringomyelia

A

Enlargement of central canal of spinal cord forming a syrinx. crossing fibers of spinothalamic tract are damaged first-ussualy associated with cape like loss of pain and temp on bilateral shoulders. later on can be bilateral weakness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tongue innervation

A

Taste: Anterior 2/3 = (VII); Posterior 1/3 = (IX, X); Epiglottis = (X)
Sensory: Anterior 2/3 = (V) Posteror 1/3 = (IX, X); Epiglottis = (X)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Microglia

A

Made from mesoderm
Act as macrophages in the brain
Can get infected by HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Astrocytes

A

Made from neuroectoderm.
Physical support and repair (forms glial scar)
Metabolize K, removal of excess neurotransmitter, and maintenance blood brain barrier.
Marker is GFAP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Myelin

A

Central: oligodendrocytes
Peripheral: schwann cells
Increase conduction velocity (saltatory conduction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Destroys Oligodendrocytes (CNS myelin). random asymmetric lesions, due to (autoimmune) demyelination. scanning speech, intention tremor, and nystagmus. Cause internuclear opthalmoplegia. most often affects women in 20s and 30s. Oligoclonal bands are diagnostic in CSF. β-interferon used to treat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Guillan Barre

A

Auto-immune disease that destroys Schwann cells (PNS myelin). symmetric ascending muscle weakness beginning in lower limbs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

C Pain fibers

A

Are slow, unmyelinated fibers for pain and temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Αδ Pain fibers

A

Are fast, myelinated fibers for pain and temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Meissners corpuscles

A

Large myelinated fibers for light/fine touch (adapt quickly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

Large myelinated fibers for deep touch/vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Perineurium

A

Surrounds a fascicle of nerves and must be sewed back together when a attaching a severed limb.
Epi-outer
Peri-middle
Endo-inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Locus Ceruleus

A

Makes NE. Located in the pons. Increase will cause anxiety, decrease will cause depression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Dopamine

A

Made in Ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra. Increase leads to schizophrenia. Decrease leads to Parkinsons. Decrease also leads to depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

5-HT (serotonin)

A

Made in Raphe nucleus (pons). Decrease leads to depression. Decrease also leads to anxiety.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ach

A

Made in Basal nucleus of Meynert. Decrease leads to Alzheimers. Decrease leads to Huntingtons. It is increased in burst during REM sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

GABA

A

Made in Nucleus Accumbens (pleasure center). Decrease leads to anxiety. Decrease leads to Huntingtons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What forms the Blood brain barrier

A

Tight Jxns b/w nonfenestrated capillary endothelial cells, basement membrane, and astrocyte foot process. It is absent at circumventricular organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Area postrema

A

Has no blood brain barrier–vomiting center.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

Hunger. destruction will lead to failure to thrive (anorexia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Medial hypothalamus

A

Satiety (fullness). Destruction will lead to over eating.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Anterior hypothalamus

A

Controls cooling, parasympathetics, reproduction/sex, and drinking… A/C (air conditioning)
Lesion can cause hyperthermia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Posterior hypothalamus

A

Controls heating and sympathetics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Poikilotherm

A

Damage to the posterior hypothalamus… makes you cold blooded. like a snake.
Poikilothermia is cause by a lesions to both anterior (cooling/parasympathetics) and posterior (heating/sympathetics) hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

VPL of thalamus

A

Receives sensory info from spinothalamics and DCML for Pain/temp and touch for body. Sends info to the primary somatosensory cortex of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

VPM of thalamus

A

Receives sensory info from trigeminal and gustatory pathway for face sensation and taste. Sends info to the primary somatosensory cortex of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

LGN

A

Receives info from CN II and is used for VISION. Sends info to the calcarine sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

MGN

A

Receives info from Superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum for HEARING. sends info to temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

VL

A

Receives info from basal ganglia for motor movement initiation and goes to the motor cortex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Limbic system

A

Structures include the hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, mammillary bodies, and cingulate gyrus. Responsible for Feeding, Fleeing, Feeling, and Fuc-king. Involved in emotion, long term memory, olfaction, behavior modulation and ANS fxn.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Cerebellum

A

Aids in coordination and balance. Sends info to the contralateral cortex, so eventually it effect the ipsilateral body. Output fibers are purkinje fibers send to deep nuclei then these have fibers that go to cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Deep nuclei of Cerebellum

A

Fastigial, Globose, Emboliform, and Dentate.

(F=GED). Medial to lateral.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Lewy bodies composed of α-synuclein. loss of dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra. Tremors at rest, cogwheel rigidity, akinesia, and postural instability, shuffling gait. Causes dementia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Autosomal dominant (CAG repeats 40+). characterized by chorea, agression, depression, and dementia. glutamate toxicity. atrophy of the caudate, so no caudate visible on imaging.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Hemiballismus

A

Sudden wild flinging of limbs due to damage of subthalamic nucleus and effects the contralateral side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Intention tremor

A

Slow, zigzag motion when pointing/extending toward a target due to damage of the cerebellum (dentate nucleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Arcuate fasciculus

A

Connects Brocas area to Wernickes area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Kluver Bucy syndrom

A

Bilateral damage to Amygdala and is associated with hyper-sexulaity and disinhibited behavior. Associated with HSV-1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Damage to frontal lobe

A

Disinhibition and deficits in concentration, change in judgement (almost like a different person). reemergence of primitive reflexes (moro, rooting, sucking, palmar, plantar, galant).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Damage to right parietal lobe

A

Hemispatial neglect syndrome. Neglects the contralateral side of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Damage to RAS

A

Reduced levels of wake fullness. Can even cause narcolepsy and coma if it is too far down regulated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Damage to Mamillary bodies

A

Often seen with Wernickes korsakoff syndrom. Confusion opthalmoplegia, ataxia, memory loss with confabulation and personality changes. Associated with low B1 (thiamine) and alcoholics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Damage to Hippocampus

A

Will result in anterograde amnesia… unable to form new memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Brocas aphasia

A

Can understand but cant speak. Damage to Brocas area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Wernickes aphasia

A

Can’t understand but can speak… speaks gibberish. Damage to Wernickes area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Global aphasia

A

Can’t speak or understand. Both Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas are affected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Poor repetition but fluent speech. intact comprehension. Can be caused by damage to Arcuate Fasciculus (superior temporal lobe and/or left supramarginal gyrus). Can’t repeat “no, ifs, ands, or, buts.”

60
Q

Wallenbergs syndrom

A

PICA artery is blocked. Patient has nystagmus, vertigo, dec pain and temp, dyspahgia, and hoarsness, dec gag reflex, ipsilateral horners.

61
Q

CN blood supply

A 
I, II--Anterior cerebral artery
III, IV--Posterior cerebral artery
V, VI, VII--AICA
VIII, IX, X--PICA
XI, XII--Anterior spinal artery
62
Q

Epidural Hematoma

A

Rupture of Middle meningeal artery due to fracture of pterion. Can cause CN III palsy.

63
Q

Subdural Hematoma

A

Rupture of bridging veins. Slow venous bleeding. seen in elderly and alcoholics (b/c of many falls). crescent shaped on imaging

64
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

Rupture of an aneurysm (berry aneurysm Ant communicating artery) seen in Marfans and Ehlers Danlos. Rapid time course, causes worst headaches of their lives.

65
Q

Flow of CSF

A

Made in Lateral and third ventricles by choroid plexus. Lateral ventricle ->foramen of monro->3rd ventricle->cerebral aqueduct->4th ventricle->foramin of lushcka and foramen of magendie. Reabsorbed in Arachnoid granulations.

66
Q

End of spinal cord

A

L1/L2 in adult can do lumbar puncture L3-L5

67
Q

Dorsal columns

A

Fasciculus cuneatus (upper body) and Fasciculus gracilis (lower body). Decussates in caudal medulla. For pressure, vibration, touch, and proprioception. Goes to VPL

68
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract

A

Decussates in caudal medulla. Used for voluntary motor from shoulders down.

69
Q

Anterior spinothalamic tract

A

Decussates 2 levels up in the spinal cord. Used for Crude touch and pressure. Goes to VPL

70
Q

Lateral spinothalamic tract

A

Decussates 2 levels up in spinal cord. Used for pain and temp. Goes to VPL

71
Q

UMN lesion

A

Hyper-reflexia, inc tone, positive babinski, spastic paralysis, positive clasp knive.

72
Q

LMN lesion

A

Atrophy, fasciculations, hypo reflexia, dec tone, flaccid paralysis.

73
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

LMN lesion, destruction of anterior horn cells. flaccid paralysis. Caused by poliovirus.

74
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

Combined UMN and LMN lesions. No loss of sensory, cognition or oculomotor deficits. Defect in superoxide dismutase 1. Tongue fasciculations with eventual atrophy. Fatal b/c effects breathing muscles. Disease is due to degeneration of nerve axon… not myelin

75
Q

Complete occlusion of Anterior spinal artery

A

Spares dorsal columns and lissauers tract. Motor problems.

76
Q

Tabes Dorsalis (tertiary syphilis)

A

Demyelination of dorsal columns and roots. Impaired sensation and proprioception. with progressive ataxia. argyll robertson pupils (prostitutes pupils) accomodate but dont react to light. Absence of DTRs and Positive Rombergs test.

77
Q

B12 deficiency causes what in spine

A

Demyelination of dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts and spinocerebellar tracts. leading to ataxic gait, paresthesia, and impaired vibration and position sense.

78
Q

Friedreichs ataxia

A

Autosomal recessive tri-nucleotide repeat disorder (GAA) in gene that codes for frataxin. staggering gait, frequent falling, nystagmus, dysarthria, hammer toes, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

79
Q

Brown-Sequard syndrome

A

Lesion to half of spinal cord will cause ipsilateral weakness and loss of vibration, joint and position sensation, and proprioception but contralateral loss of pain and temperature. ipsilateral loss of all sensation at the level of the lesion due to dermatome loss.

80
Q

Horners syndrome

A

Damage to sympathetics. Will cause Ptosis, Miosis, and Anhidrosis of the face

81
Q

T4 dermatome

A

Nipples

82
Q

T7 dermatome

A

Xiphoid process

83
Q

T10 dermatome

A

Umbilicus

84
Q

L1 dermatome

A

Inguinal canal

85
Q

L4 dermatome

A

Knees

86
Q

S2, S3, S4 dermatomes

A

Penis

87
Q

Biceps reflex

A

C5 nerve root

C6

88
Q

Triceps reflex

A

C7 nerve root

C8

89
Q

Patella reflex

A

L3

L4 nerve root

90
Q

Achilles Reflex

A

S1 nerve root

S2

91
Q

Parinaud’s syndrome

A

Paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze due to lesion in superior colliculi

92
Q

Corneal reflex

A 
Afferent V (spinal trigeminal nucleus)
Efferent VII (facial motor nucleus{)
93
Q

Lacrimation reflex

A 
Afferent V (spinal trigeminal nucleus)
Efferent VII (superior salivatory nucleus)
94
Q

Jaw Jerk reflex

A 
Afferent V (mesencephalic nucleus)
Efferent V (motor trigeminal nucleus)
95
Q

Pupillary reflex

A

Afferent II
Efferent III
II->pretectal nuclei->edinger westphall nuclei->bilateral III to cause both pupils to constrict.

96
Q

Gag reflex

A 
Afferent IX (solitary nucleus)
Efferent X (nucleus ambiguus)
97
Q

Nucleus Solitarius

A

Visceral Sensory Information. Taste.

VII, IX, X

98
Q

Nucleus Ambiguous

A

Motor innervation of pharynx, larynx, trachea, SCM and Trapezius (IX, X, XI).

99
Q

Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus

A

Goes to heart, lungs, and upper GI (X)

100
Q

CN X lesion

A

Uvula deviates away from side of lesion

101
Q

CN XI lesion

A

Weakness in turning head away from lesion and shoulder drop on side of lesion

102
Q

CN XII lesion

A

Stick out tongue and it deviates toward the lesion.

103
Q

Weber test

A

If senurineural loss, it will lateralize to good ear

If conductive loss it will lateralize to bad ear

104
Q

Rinne test

A

If conductive loss Bone > Air

If normal Air > Bone

105
Q

Corticobulbar lesion

A

Will result in contralateral lower face drooping but forehead will be normal.

106
Q

Facial nerve palsy

A

Bells Palsy. Ipsilateral facial paralysis. Because of facial motor nucleus damage.

107
Q

Mastication muscles

A

Innervated by CN V.
Close Jaw: Massester, temporalis and medial pterygoid
Open Jaw: lateral pterygoid

108
Q

Hyperopia

A

Small eye. image converges behind retina. HFX. Far sighted, Convex lens corrects

109
Q

Myopia

A

Big eye. Image converges in front of retina. MNV. nearsightedness, Concave lens corrects

110
Q

presbyopia

A

Decrease in elasticity of lens. Can’t accommodate as well. needs reading glasses.

111
Q

Aqueous humor pathway

A

Made in the Ciliary processes->posterior chamber->pupil->Anterior chamber->Trabecular network->canal of Schlemm->episcleral veins.

112
Q

Glaucoma

A

Caused by increased ocular pressure due to less aqueous humor being absorbed in canal of Schlemm. peripheral then central vision loss. Optic disc atrophy.

113
Q

Cataract

A

When the lens becomes cloudy and needs to be replaced.

114
Q

Papilledma

A

Increased inter cranial pressure puts pressure on optic nerve decreasing vision.

115
Q

Miosis

A

Parasympathetics Constrict pupil

SD in PC

116
Q

Midriasis

A

Sympathetics dilate pupil

SD in PC

117
Q

Marcus gun pupil

A

When there is a damage to the Afferent limb of pupillary light reflex.

118
Q

Right anopia

A

Damage to right optic nerve

119
Q

Bitemporal hemianopia

A

Damage to optic chiasm (caused by pituitary tumor commonly)

120
Q

Left Homonymous hemianopia

A

Damage to the right optic tract

121
Q

Left upper quadrant anopia

A

Damage to the right Meyers loop… Temporal lobe

122
Q

Left lower quadrant anopia

A

Damage to the right dorsal optic radiation through the Parietal lobe

123
Q

Left hemianopia with macular sparing

A

PCA infarct.

124
Q

Central scotoma

A

Macular degeneration

125
Q

Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)

A

Pair of tracts that allows VI to communicate with III and gives us conjugate eye movements (in horizontal direction). When it is damaged it is called internuclear opthalmoplegia. Highly myelinated–so damaged when patient has MS

126
Q

Alzheimers disease

A

Genes: APP (21–Gama and Beta secretase cuase AB amyloid to accumulate), Presenilin-1 (14), Presenlin-2 (1).
ApoE2-protective, ApoE3-normal, ApoE4-Alzheimer’s (19).
Decrease in ACh. Wide sulci b/c of cortical atrophy.
Extracelluar AB amyloid plaques and intracellular Neurofibrillary tangles are found (abnormally phosphorylated Tau proteins).
Causes Dementia.

127
Q

Picks Disease

A

Dementia, aphasia, change in personality. only effect the frontal temporal region of brain. Pick bodies: sperical tau prtoein aggregates.

128
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

A

Rapidly progressive dementia with myoclonus
PrPC->PrPSC which is resistant to proteases. prion disease.
spongiform brain

129
Q

Vascular dementia

A

Occurs step-wise due to many TIAs

130
Q

Seizures

A

Characterized by synchronized, high frequency neuronal firing.

131
Q

Partial seizure

A

Affects 1 area of the brain. Most commonly the temporal lobe. Often preceded by an Aura.

132
Q

Simple partial seizure

A

Recordable in one area of the brain and do not have loss or alteration of consciousness, aura common, may become secondarily generalized

133
Q

Complex partial seizure

A

Recordable in one area of the brain and result in an alteration of consciousness, aura is common

134
Q

Absence generalized seizure

A

Recordable in multiple areas of brain (petit mal), brief little staring spell, no aura, 3 per second spike and wave–very important. No post confusion

135
Q

Myoclonic generalized seizure

A

Recordable in multiple areas of brain, sudden jerk, happens normally in sleep but not while awake

136
Q

Tonic-Clonic generalize seizure

A

Recordable in multiple areas of brain, Characterized by stiffening and movement.

137
Q

Tonic generalized seizure

A

Recordable in multiple areas of brain. Results in sudden stiffining of muscles and fall over like a tree.

138
Q

Atonic generalized seizure

A

Recordable in multiple areas of the brain. Characterized by sudden loss of muscle tone and collapse

139
Q

Glioblastoma

A

Most common brain tumor. Found in cerebral hemispheres. Tumor of glial cells (astrocytes so stain for GFAP)
Nuclear palisading with vascular necrosis

140
Q

Meningioma

A

Second most common brain tumor. Arises from arachnoid cells, Extra-axial (external to brain parenchyma), and may have a dural attachment. typically benign.
Whorls and psammoma bodies (Ca2+)

141
Q

Schwannoma

A

Third most common brain tumor. Schwann cell origin often localized to CN VIII (acoustic schwannoma) usually found in cerebellopontine angle. Can affect CN VII & CN V.

142
Q

Oligodendroglioma

A

Relatively rare. Slow growing. Most often in frontal lobes. Looks like fried eggs. Chicken-wire capillary networks. Also has calcifications.

143
Q

Supraoptic nucleus

A

Makes ADH

Lesion can cause diabetes insipidus

144
Q

Paraventricular nucleus

A

Makes oxytocin and ADH

Lesion can cause diabetes insipidus

145
Q

ADH and Oxytocin

A

Are both made by the hypothalamus but are stored and released by posterior pituitary

BB Test 4 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions