Memory Flashcards
What type of memory involves the aid of previous experiences in the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences.
Implicit (procedural)
- Long term
What type of memory is long term, implicit memory used in behavioral learning, skill acquisition, habit formation, and classical conditioning? Often involves operating without conscious awareness of doing so.
Procedural (implicit)
- Long term
What type of memory is the conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information?
Explicit (declarative)
- Long term memory
What type of memory is long term, explicit memory that involves events, experiences, or facts that are available for conscious recall?
Declarative (explicit)
- Long term
What type of memory refers to the long term, explicit memory of factual information and general knowledge about the world?
Semantic - Factual knowledge
- Long term
What type of memory is the long term, explicit recollection of contextually specific events (e.g. place, time, environment, happenings, etc.)?
Episodic - Events
- Long term
Short term memory is also referred to as _____________ memory.
Working memory
Echoic memory is experienced through (tactile/auditory/visual) means.
Auditory
Haptic memory is experienced through (tactile/auditory/visual) means.
Tactile
Iconic memory is experienced through (tactile/auditory/visual) means.
Visual
Visual memory persistence lasts approximately ___ms.
400ms
Auditory memory persistence lasts approximately ___-___ms.
200-300ms
Retaining a stimulus beyond the initial, short-lived sensory memories (echoic/haptic/iconic) requires involvement of _______________.
Working (short term) memory
Average memory span is __ items, plus or minus __. However, memory may be expanded by“chunking” long strings of items together.
7, plus or minus 2.
Working memory makes use of ___________ and ____________ systems.
Linguistic and visuospatial
(T/F) Manipulating information or phonological rehearsal is necessary or the passive store will decay within minutes.
False. Manipulation or rehearsal of information is necessary or the passive store will decay within SECONDS, not minutes.
Blood flow significantly increases to __________ and _________ in the brain when quietly repeating a phone number for commitment to memory. These areas are involved in passive phonological storage and active rehearsal.
- Broca’s area
- Wernicke’s area
________ refers to the use of sensory qualities of the remembered facts as cues for recall.
Priming
(Amnesia/Memory decline/Memory deficit) refers to the normal age-related changes in memory.
Memory decline
(Amnesia/Memory decline/Memory deficit) refers to non-normal changes in memory associated with disease.
Memory deficit
(Amnesia/Memory decline/Memory deficit) is defined as a significant difference between one’s IQ and declarative memory.
Amnesia
In contrast to many brain regions that do not lose appreciable numbers of neurons throughout life, 15-20% of the neurons in the ___________ and ____________ may be lost in old age.
Neostriatum and prefrontal cortex
Increasing numbers of neurofibrillary tangles appear with age in the ____________ beginning in the fifth decade of life.
Hippocampus
Alzheimer’s
(Anterograde/Retrograde/Source) amnesia is the inability to recall context in which memories are formed.
Source
(Anterograde/Retrograde/Source) amnesia is the inability to learn or recall new information.
Anterograde
(Anterograde/Retrograde/Source) amnesia is the inability to recall previously learned information.
Retrograde
A traditional view of amnesia attributes memory loss to damage within a functional circuit comprised of the hippocampus, fornix, and mammillary bodies known as the ___________.
Papez circuit
Paul McLean revised the Papez circuit to include the ____________ and __________.
Amygdala and hypothalamus
(T/F) The amygdala and hippocampal formation receive direct inputs from the olfactory, gustatory, and general visceral afferent systems.
True.
(T/F) Inputs from modalities such as vision, audition, and somatic sensation gain direct access to the amygdala and hippocampus after leaving the cortical association areas.
False. These modalities must first project to the orbital, insular, and perirhinal cortices, and then to the entorhinal cortex and amygdala before gaining access to the hippocampus.
The (dentate gyrus/subiculum/hippocampus) is the major source of output in the hippocampus formation.
Subiculum
Injury to the basal forebrain (nucleus basalis) may cause ____________ or ___________.
Amnesia or Alzheimer‘s disease
Basal forebrain (nucleus basalis) damage may also occur from aneurysm of the (anterior/middle/posterior) cerebral artery.
Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)
Precommissural fibers of the fornix terminate in the (mammillary bodies/septal nuclei).
Septal nuclei
Postcommissural fibers of the fornix terminate in the (mammillary bodies/septal nuclei).
Mammillary bodies
Long-lasting synaptic change in response to brief, high-frequency stimulation is referred to ___________________.
Long term potentiation (LTP)
- In hippocampus
The inferior (occipital/parietal/temporal) lobe, especially the ____________, is particularly vulnerable to epileptic seizures.
Temporal; hippocampus
(T/F) Temporal lobectomy, resection of the hippocampi, or damage to the hippocampal formation may only result in anterograde amnesia.
False. Removal or damage of the hippocampi or other associated structures in the temporal lobe may result in both anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
What are the three major aspects of the memory profile in Alzheimer’s patients?
- Severe explicit memory deficit due to poor encoding and consolidation after extensive damage to the hippocampal-amygdala complex.
- Partial implicit memory deficit (priming) for verbal and visuoperceptual material reflecting damage to lexical-semantic system and damage to cortical association areas.
- Spared implicit memory for visuomotor skills suggests integrity of primary motor and sensory cortex and basal ganglia.
Patients with (right/left) medial temporal lesions have difficulty retaining verbal material (prose, word lists, verbal paired associative learning).
Left medial temporal lesions
Patients with (right/left) medial temporal lesions have difficulty learning nonverbal, patterned stimuli like geometric figures, faces, tonal patterns, and visual and tactile mazes.
Right medial temporal lesions
The (dorsomedial/anterolateral) temporal lobes are thought to play an important role in the storage and retrieval of past autobiographical memories.
Anterolateral
After receiving input from the fornix, the mammillary bodies project to the (ventromedial/ventrolateral/dorsomedial/anterior/dorsolateral) thalamic nucleus.
Anterior thalamic nucleus
After receiving input, the amygdala projects to the (ventromedial/ventrolateral/dorsomedial/anterior/dorsolateral) thalamic nucleus.
Dorsomedial thalamic nucleus
Patients with severe cases of Wernicke-Korsakoff disease have a history of chronic alcoholism. After recovery, these patients may exhibit severe (anterograde/retrograde/source) amnesia. This is known as Korsakoff’s amnesia.
Anterograde
Korsakoff‘s amnesia typically results from damage to the (mammillary bodies/dorsomedial nuclei/both).
A bit of a trick question. Korsakoff’s amnesia may result from damage to mammillary bodies, the dorsomedial nuclei, OR both.
(T/F) In addition to damaged mammillary bodies, dorsomedial nuclei, or in some cases, both structures, patients suffering from Korsakoff’s amnesia may also display damage in the medial pulvinar and lateral dorsal nuclei, the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the hippocampus, and the fornix.
True.
Frontal lobe lesions may result in (anterograde/retrograde/source) amnesia, along with difficulty ordering events in time.
Source amnesia
In recent murine testing, lesions of the (hippocampal formation/amygdala/striatum) have abolished punishment and reward instincts.
Amygdala
In recent murine testing, lesions of the (hippocampal formation/amygdala/striatum) have abolished habit learning.
Striatum (caudate and putamen)
In recent murine testing, lesions of the (hippocampal formation/amygdala/striatum) have abolished spatial memory.
Hippocampal formation
What two structures are shown to have iconic memory traces in visual perceptions?
- Retina
- Lateral geniculate
