Addiction Flashcards
___-___% of addiction predisposition and risk is attributable to genetic factors.
40-60%
What are some of the most common environmental factors associated with drug use?
- Low socioeconomic class
- Poor parental support
- Drug availability
Substance Use Disorder (SUD) is characterized by the presence of two criteria occurring within a twelve month period. What are these criteria?
- Use results in failure to fulfill roles at work, school, or home
- Use in situations where it is physically hazardous
- Continued use in spite of social or interpersonal problems
- Tolerance
- Withdrawal
- Substance taken in larger amounts or over longer period than intended
- Unsuccessful efforts to cut down use
- Great deal of time devoted to obtaining substance
- Important activities are given up because of use
- Use is continued despite knowledge of having problem
- Cravings or strong desires to use substance
What are the severity specifiers in relation to substance use disorder?
- Mild: 2-3 criteria
- Moderate: 4-5 criteria
- Severe: 6 or more criteria
(T/F) If criteria 4 (tolerance) and 5 (dependence) are present in an individual with SUD, they have physiological dependence.
True.
What areas of the brain are involved in inhibitory control and delayed gratification?
- Prefrontal cortex (PFC)
- Anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG)
What areas of the brain are involved in motivation and drive?
- Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
- Subcallosal cortex (SCC)
What areas of the brain are involved in reward and salience?
- Nucleus accumbens (NAc)
- Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
What areas of the brain are involved in memory and learning?
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
What receptor changes can be seen using imaging in an individual who abuses a substance?
Lower number of dopamine receptors
Motor reaction in substance abusers is (faster/slower) due to changes in the dopamine pathways of the brain.
Slower
Memory function in substance abusers is (increased/decreased) due to changes in the dopamine pathways of the brain.
Decreased
Nicotine is most often metabolized to ___________.
Cotinine
Bupropion may be used in smoking cessation. What is its mechanism of action?
- Dopamine reuptake inhibitor
- Nicotine antagonist
Varenicline may be used in smoking cessation. What is its mechanism of action?
- Varenicline is a partial agonist at α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
- It acts to blunt the rewarding effects of nicotine.
What is a specific caution when prescribing varenicline?
- Can worsen psychiatric symptoms already present in patient
- May cause suicidal ideation, nightmares, irritability
-
DO NOT mix with nicotine replacement (patches, gum, etc)
- Can mix with Bupropion
It is recommended to use evidence-based cessation treatments in patients who (are/are not) willing to try to quit smoking.
Are willing to try
It is recommended to use a brief intervention in smoking habits to treat patients who (are/are not) willing to try to quit smoking.
Are not willing to try
In which patients is Bupropion contraindicated in?
- Patients with eating disorders (due to electrolyte abnormalities)
- Small risk of seizure
What are the functions of the dopamine pathways?
- Reward (motivation)
- Pleasure, euphoria
- Motor function (fine tuning)
- Compulsion
- Preservatoin
What are the functions of the serotonin pathways?
- Mood
- Memory processing
- Sleep
- Cognition
