NB CH16 Flashcards
What are the reactants and products of glycolysis?
Reactants: glucose and ATP
Products: pyruvate, NADH, ATP, H2O
What are reactants and products of the Citric Acid/Krebs (TCA) cycle?
Reactants: Acetyl CoA, NAD+, FAD, GDP, H2O
Products: 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP (or ATP), 2 CO2, H2O (produced but then used)
Does ethanol or lactic acid fermentation harvest more chemical energy from pyruvate?
Ethanol fermentation
General formula for Gibbs free energy change for a redox reaction
∆G = -nF∆E
What can ∆G° (standard Gibbs free energy change) tell us?
If a reaction is spontaneous under standard conditions (1 M concentration for solutes, 1 atm pressure for gasses, 298 K temp)
At equilibrium:
If ∆G < 0, products are favored
If ∆G > 0, reactants are favored
If ∆G ≈ 0, roughly a balance
What can ∆G (Gibbs free energy change) tell us?
If a reaction is spontaneous under current conditions
At equilibrium:
If ∆G < 0, products are favored
If ∆G > 0, reactants are favored
If ∆G ≈ 0, roughly a balance
What is the order of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and ETC
Where are protons pumped in the ETC?
From the mitochondrial matrix to the inter-membrane space
From lowest to highest, which is correct in terms of pH?
Mitochondrial Matrix=MM; Cytoplasm=C; Intermembrane space=IS
A. pH (MM) < pH (C) = pH (IS).
B. pH (IS) < pH (MM) < pH (C).
C. pH (MM) > pH (C) > pH (IS).
D. pH (C) > pH (IS) = pH (MM).
C. pH (MM) > pH (C) > pH (IS)
What is a high-energy bond?
A bond whose ΔG of hydrolysis is at least as or more negative than that of ATP hydrolysis
Fermentation is a cellular process in which…
NADH is oxidized to NAD+ by reducing a molecule produced from a related cellular process where the electrons were harvested.
What enzymes are good candidates for regulation?
Enzymes with a large negative ∆G and ones at branch points (not the point before the branch, the branch itself)
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
Where a phosphate group is directly transferred to ADP, resulting in the production of ATP without the need for an ETC
What are some examples of high energy bonds?
C-H are high energy
S-R are higher energy
What is pyruvate converted to before the citric acid/TCA/Krebs cycle? What is it completely oxidized to?
Acetyle coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA), which is oxidized to CO2
How can you identify acetyl CoA?
It is the only one with a thiol functional group
Where does substrate-level phosphorylation happen?
In the cytoplasm (glycolysis) and mitochondrial matrix (TCA cycle)
