Nazi Germany Flashcards
The establishment of the Nazi dictatorship and its domestic policies 1933-1939
<p>When was the Appeal to German Nation speech? </p>
<p>31st January 1933 (the day after his chancellorship)</p>
<p>What important events occurred in February 1933 for the Nazi rise to power?</p>
<p>Meeting with leading industrialists, gaining more money and power
The Reichstag fire which caused Hitler to issue an Emergency decree
</p>
<p>What important events occurred in March 1933 for the Nazi rise to power?</p>
<p>The nazis gained 43.9% / 288 seats of the vote in the election. Had a coalition with DNVP which gained majority
Day of Potsdam
Enabling Act </p>
<p>What was the Enabling act created for?</p>
<p>Gleichschaltung</p>
<p>When was the Law of Restoration of Professional Civil Service issued and whats were the aims?</p>
<p>April 1933. To purge of 'alien elements' of the Civil service. 5% were removed (Jews and political opposition)</p>
<p>When was the Concordat issued?</p>
<p>July 1933. Between the state and Vatican (so the government would protect religious freedom if the Church was banned from political activity)</p>
<p>When was Night of the Long Knives?</p>
<p>30th June 1934</p>
<p>When was the death of Hindenburg?</p>
<p>August 1934</p>
<p>When did the army take oath of personal loyalty to Hitler?</p>
<p>August 1934</p>
<p>In 1934, what percentage of the population supported Hitler as the Fuhrer?</p>
<p>90%</p>
<p>What was the significance of the Emergency decree?</p>
<p>Article 48 was issued by Hindenburg
Suspended constitutional civil rights
Secret police had the power to hold people in protective custody.
Used to repress the KPD
Remained in force throughout the Third Reich</p>
<p>What was the New Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, and when was it established?</p>
<p>Established in March 1933, Goebbels is the head and exercised controlling the media. </p>
<p>When was the One Day Boycott trialled?</p>
<p>April 1933 - boycotting Jewish shops </p>
<p>How long was the Enabling Act supposed to last?</p>
<p>4 years</p>
<p>What were the voting results in Reichstag after offering the Enabling Act?</p>
<p>Needed 2/3 majority. received 441/94 (which the SPD were the only ones who disagreed and the KPD were already banned). </p>
<p>What was May Day redefined as?</p>
<p>'The Day of National Labour'</p>
<p>When were trade union offices seized?</p>
<p>2nd May 1933</p>
<p>When was the Formation of new parties banned and what did this mean?</p>
<p>June 1933. KPD and SPD were banned. Other parties dissolved themselves and Germany became a one party state</p>
<p>When was the Employment Law/ Public Works Scheme issued?</p>
<p>June 1933</p>
<p>When was Reichstag dissolved?</p>
<p>October 1933</p>
<p>When was the 'Reconstruction of the State' and what happened? </p>
<p>January 1934. Local government was overthrown by the SA violence. The government appointed commissioners and new laws were formalised. </p>
<p>When did Hitler merge government offices of Chancellor and President as Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor?</p>
<p>August 1934</p>
<p>What was the significance of the Enabling Act?</p>
<p>ZP were assured at the Appeal of German People
Helped Hitler rise to power
SA and SS intimidated Reichstag- surrounding the building
Weimar was officially demolished and dictatorship was revived</p>
<p>When was SPD and KPD banned?</p>
<p>KPD = February 1933 SPD= June 1933</p>
What did the Reichstag Fire and Emergency Decrees passing mean for Germany?
Suspended all articles that guaranteed personal liberty, freedom of speech, press and assembly. Police were empowered to imprison without trial and even issue the death penalty Banned meetings and closed newspapers Rounded up political opponents and sent them to concentration camps
The significance of the Night of the Long Knives?
Most dramatic and significant single event of Hitlers supremacy Blood Bath- estimated 1000 victims, which Hitler took full responsibility for and defended their actions. The main members of the victims were who the elites feared- showing that Hitler prioritised the elites over the SA
How did Hitler get away with Night of the Long Knives?
Community seemed grateful Willing to forgive out of gratitude for the recent Public Works Scheme and decreasing unemployment People feared Himmler and the SS Spinned to be a seen as a self defence
What developments occurred after the Night of Long Knives?
Major developments in dictatorship Weakened army rivals and retained monopoly of armed forces The army took an oath of personal loyalty- chaining themselves to the fuhrer SS made real gains in its independency
What was the stability of working towards the Fuhrer like?
self destructive- unable to stabilise. There was an illusion of order from chaos.
What happened to the Reich Chancellory under the Third Reich?
Coordinated to respond to new legislations. In charge of paper work and letters
What was Lammers role under the Third Reich?
Major impact on the flow of information to Hitler
What happened to the Courts and Judges during the Third Reich?
The Judges were careerists, having to adapt to act from public feeling, interpret laws of the Nazi values and needs for the nation.
What happened to the Foreign office under the Third Reich?
Had to be Nazi members to gain Nazi sympathy from other countries.
What was the role of the Gau like under the Fuhrerprenzip?
Fuhrerprenzip was dominated by the Gau- believing in allegiance with Hitler. Endeavoured to preserve their own interests and tended to resist authorities of the state and party
What was the consequence of the Blomsberg Fritsch Affair?
It eliminated last power to remove Hitler as it caused a purge of the army
How many chancellory offices claimed to represent Hitler?
5 chancellor offices
What was the role of the Gaulieter?
Communication directly with Hitler Triumphed in their conflicts with central directives Hitler praised them and gave them basic instructions Had freedom to do what they thought best- local leaders were empowered as they were grass root
When was the law against marrying Jews released? What did it mean for the Jewish population?
1935 Declared them as not citizens- establishing a system that allowed forcing Jews out of wealth and right of living. Public began to gradually agree with anti-semiticism.
When was the New Chancellory built? | What did it mean for the Nazi Rule?
1938 | Symbolised power and order of the Nazi rule- Grand Reich Chancellory which claimed to represent Hitler.
What was the flaws of the Grand reich Chancellory?
Hitler gave closely related jobs. He didn't want chaos but the tasks were barely distinguishable
How was propaganda produced through the radio?
Hitler dominated radios with his key speeches Radios were made cheap Used sound of crowds to heighten sense of unity Sirens were used so workers had to stop to listen
How many households had radios by 1939?
70%
How did the nazis control films for propaganda?
Took over production and companies to convey nazi idea through subtle propaganda. The Reich Film Chamber regulation content, whilst Goebbels pushed it
How did the Nazis control the Olympics for propaganda? When were the Olympics?
1936 Showcased the Nazi idea of being modern, well-organised, aryan being the superior race, magnificently planned, colossal scale stadium, used technology, TV and radio. The success unnerved the public.
When did the Nazis establish a unified radio system and purged hostile elements?
1934
How much had the Nazis extended ownership of press in 1933 compared to 1939?
3% in 1933 | 69% in 1939
What did Clause 14 mean for Editors in October 1933+
Decree issued that it was treason to spread false news and rumours- so editors were responsible for their writers publications
How were the arts censored?
Hitler removed 'degenerate' art (modern) and replaced with aryan art that reflected the Nazi ideology Scriptures were made easily accessible for aryan men Reich chamber of Literature banned books which were burnt at rallies
What fraction were the films produced for propaganda?
1/6
How did the Nazis change their image to gain foreign sympathy during the Olympics?
Added 1 Jew to the German team in answer to the foreign criticisms Germans were full time athletes to promote the aryan race as superior
What was Eintopf?
'One Pot' meal on Sunday once a month. Seen as a sacrifice for the Reich. People donated money to the welfare scheme. This provided extra help for unemployed in the winter months. Enforced the Volks
What was the state of employment by 1939?
Full employment restored in the economy
What is Winterhilfe? When was it established?
1933 | 9 million had benefits provided in 1938 from donations
How did propaganda get involved in encouraging Eintopf donations?
Encouraged a unified German ideology that they all wanted to help.
How many members of the SS in 1929 and 1939?
1929= 280 members 1939= 240,000 (1/4 of a million)
```How was the Third Reich the 'SS state'?
They issued passports, authorised marriage and race issues Took responsibly for concentration camps Himmler sent shivers down peoples spines
How many people did the SS imprison for political crimes between 1933-1939?
225,000, (162,000 without trial)
How many people did the SS 'legally execute' between 1933-1945?
32,000
What was the role of the SS?
To create a racially pure Volksgemeinschaft Were an active part of the political community Powerful and feared organs of repression against non-conformists
How did courts play a part in the role of terror of Nazi leadership?
Judges were instructed to issue harsher sentences Established to try enemies of the state SS group leaders were appointed ministers of justice. Death penalty for being anti Nazi, sex with a Jew, listening to foreign radio
How had the courts been made stricter for the judges by 1939?
Judges had to study Nazi beliefs. Those who did not carry out government wishes were removed
What is the significance of Himmlers role?
Most notorious Nazi Unified all police in 3 years Ran concentration camps Reich Commissioner for Strengthen German Nationhood in 1939
What are the three sections of the SS?
Security Waffen SS Death Head Unit
When was the Gestapo created?
1934
Who was Reinhard Heydrich?
Known as the exterminator Chief security of police and secret service in 1936 Organised EinsatzGruppen First administrator of concentration system Sadistic- responsible for the holocaust
Key information about the gestapos omniscience?
Covered all german states by 1936 with 40,000 members Himmler was head of the SS-Gestapo complex there were 28 officials amongst millions of people Directed at the ordinary rather than the higher status
What were the Gestapos key resources? What happened when it became overwhelming?
80% of denunciations came from voluntary citizens which suggest peoples commitments to the regime Ended up having to reduce the flow of personal accusation by threatening those who gave malicious accusations- being sent to concentration camps
How did the Gestapo contribute to the radicalisation?
Used arbitrary arrests, preventive custody and torture.. Decisions of punishment depended on the priorities of the individual officer. Felt bogged down by the paper work in a bureaucratic system- couldn't investigate cases properly, causing an escalation
How many people did the Gestapo claim to be in 'protective custody' by 1939?
approx 162,700
What impact did Nazi secret agents have on the people?
Had no basic freedom No authority to protect themselves from the police 'Speak through a flower'- feared they had to be grateful
What positives did the Nazi dictatorship provide to the people for 'carrot' in gaining support?
Careerists just had to be radical to be respected People had confidence in their strong leadership Raising Hitler Youths showed confidence in the future National celebrations and unity Day to day images of positive images of their land and race- no homelessness or unemployment
What happened with the Confessional Church? What did the leaders of it do?
They wanted to defend their church against state interference and false theology. They broke away from the Reich church in 1934. The leaders were arrested in 1937 In September 1934, 100 Pastors Break Away Movement (Confessional Church)
Who were the leaders of the Confessional Church?
Neimöller (ex Hitler supporter) and Bonhöeffer (encouraged resistance, trying to get the church to condemn Nuremberg- executed in the concentration camp)
What were the aims of the Nazis towards the Church?
To control weaken and replace
What was the Catholics response to the Nazis?
By 1933, 1/3 of Catholics appealed to the german people and were reassured by the Nazis after they had disagreements over hostility with the communists. Hitlers quote 'may almighty God look graciously on our work' appealed to them
How did the Nazis successfully Nazify the Church?
Nazis found it easier to control the protestants and there were more (2/3 popn) 2/3 Prussian Synod attendees wore Nazi Uniform German Christians took an oath of loyalty to Hitler
How had the Nazis actions deferred from the Concordat agreement?
The concordat reassured the Vatican of no interference of communal institution but Nazis didn't accept the Concordats limits and tried to reduce the Catholic influence, calling it a 'Political influence'.
What year were the church youth groups disbanded? What happened to Hitler youth?
1936. | Hitler youth made compulsory. Less stress on religion
How had church attendance decreased during the Third reich?
65% attended in 1935 5% attended in 1937 Virtually disappeared in 1939
What examples of direct attack on the church are there from the Nazis?
200 priests accused of sexual and financial behaviour. Their monasteries were then closed
What was the Church Session Campaign? How effective was it?
Encouraged people to abandon churches 1937= 100,000 left church
How many people were apart of the neo-pagan church by 1939?
1939= 3.5 million became members of the new-pagan movement but many names kept secret for fear of societal ostracism
What were the general Christians view of hitler and the measures?
Christians were supportive of hitler but they were dissatisfied by the government measures
What did Pope Pius XI allow and do?
Allowed dissolution of ZP and the concordat ‘with burning grief’ Openly condemned Nazis when elected but failed to take a stand
What did Pope Galen do?
Initially welcomed the nazis | But in 1934, openly preached sermons criticising Nazi policies
Who was Ludwig Muller?
Devoted nationalist reich bishop
Who was Alfred Rosenberg?
Christian Nazi, ideologue promoting German faith movement. Became minister for occupied territories in 1941
What was the state of the Catholic church before the Nazis?
22 million members (1/3 of the population) Had 1/5 of the vote (1.5 million people) Was a powerful institution, with a youth organisation, schools, charities, etc
What happened when Bishop Galen criticised the Nazis?
He was too popular to punish, so it has been described as a successful protest.
What did the Reich Church do?
New protestant church | Co-ordinated religion and developed a powerful movement with unified state control
What did the German Christian church do?
Recontructive protestantism. Known as the SA of the Church Had Nazi style uniforms and salutes Called for a cleansing of ungerman elements
Who was in charge of the Faith Movement?
Alfred Rosenberg
What did the Faith Movement do?
Wanted to replace Christianity with new pagen Nazi faith, adopting Pagen rituals. This illustrated what the Nazis might have done if they won WWII
How many Protestant pastors were arrested?
800, with 50 receiving major prison sentences
What were the Churches views about speaking out against the Nazis?
Concerned for protecting the church and belief than speaking out
What religious policies/events occurred in 1933?
Reich Church was created German Christians called for a cleanse Concordat
What religious policies/events occurred in 1935?
700 Prussian pastors arrested who condemned neo-pagenism
What religious policies/events occurred in 1936?
Galen thanked Hitler | Increase in criticisms and arrests to the Concentration Camp
What religious policies/events occurred in 1937?
Orders to withdraw Crucifixes | Papal criticism
What did Galen do in 1941?
He protested against Euthanasia, which the Nazis had to consider due to his popularity.
What were the Nazis economic aims?
Tackle the depression and restore full employment Rebuild military for territorial expansion To create a defence economy and expand vital war materials with self-sufficiency Protect interest of all groups
What were the general methods of trying to reduce unemployment?
Created projects- rebuilding cities and new autobahns Compulsory Labour Service Conscription for at least two years Dismissing anti-social workers and replacing with unemployed men
Who was the Economic Minister in 1934?
Hjalmar Schact
What did Hijalmar Schact do to recover the economy?
Used state regulation to recover the economy and funded rearm.
What did Schact secretly do?
Secretly made contract with anti-nazi resistance
What methods were used in regards to Mefobills in 1937?
Credit notes issued by Reichs bank to cover and hide government spending, help increase expenditure on rearmament by delaying real payment. Converted into Reichsmarks and payable with interests from increased government tax revenues
What was the significance of Mefo Bills?
Controls on wages and prices to prevent inflation and increase remilitarisation. paid 12 billion RM in Mefobills It funded half of Germany's rearmament programme
Were Mefo Bills presented to the Public?
No. They were hidden from the public and internationally as Mefo bills were supplied to government and services.
What were the bilateral trade agreements under Schacts new plan?
Balance trade and bilateral agreements to tackle trade defecit. For example, Supplied raw materials to the Balkan States
When was unemployment resolved?
1939
What was the 'illusion of recovery' under Schacts new plan?
Forcing anti-social un-germans out into Concentration Camps
When was Schacts new plan?
1934
What was the RAD Youth Service under Schacts new plan?
Tackle young people off unemployment register | In 1935, removed all 18-35 year old unemployed men (mainly through conscription)
How big did the forces grow due to the RAD in 1939?
1,400,000
How did the Nazis change the economic atmosphere amongst workers?
Greater state intervention and deficit financing extension of publics works scheme Destruction of independent unions causing dynamism Rise in jobs for the public sector, domestic services and government bureaucracy
How did Schact achieve some governmental economic prosperity through international payment changes?
Mefo Bills, no reparations, suspended debt repayments, new plan for a strong government powers on imports, bilateral trade, elimination need for scarce foreign currency, increase German economic influence, overcome immediate trade balance problems
What tax concessions did the Nazis release in relation to young couples?
Grants for young couples to women staying as a housewife.
What was the unemployment rate in 1936?
1.6 million
What does luck have to do with the Nazis economic success?
some argue this is luck as the economy was already improving by 1932.
What were Schacts concerns with the economy?
The increase in public expenditure The distortion of the economy to rearmament Severe strains due to budget deficit and balance of payment problems
How did Schact propose to resolve the upsurging issues of the economy?
To reflate the economy and finances before focussing on rearmaments. Arm expenditure should slowly increase after an encouragement of exports
What was Hitlers response to Schacts criticism of the economy?
Hitler was impatient, putting Goering in charge of economic Organisation Office and 4 year plan. Schact then resigned in 1937 out of frustration
What was the 4 year plan?
To make the economy ready for war in 4 years Priority given to rearmament making Germany self-sufficient in food and industrial production (AUTARKY)- losing dependence on other countries for key commodities
How was the 4 year plan limited?
Germany was still dependent of foreign imports, for example 1/3 of raw materials Tried to make substitutes like artificial rubber and oil
How did Goering reduce foreign dependency?
Regulations on foreign exchange, labour, raw materials and price
Impact of economic change on Farmers?
(positive)Entailed farm law helping less successful farmers. (positive) Protected farms from being sold (negative) Prevented farms from being inheritance to sell
Impact of economic change on industrialists?
(positive) As long as they collaborated and supported the regime they made profits Destruction of independent labour movements meant more room for rearmament (negative)Government threatened sabotage if opposed in 1937 Labour shortages so skilled labour acquired from abroad
Impact of economic change on Industrial Workers?
(positive)Employment increased, skilled workers were praised as they were in demand, wages increased for overtime, work conditions improved through STRENGTH THROUGH JOY- holidays and pay increase (negative)Lacked skilled workers, people had to work overtime, but shortages caused pay to decrease
Impact of economic change on Mittlestand?
(positive) The law protected retail trade as taxes were on large stores and new department stores were banned- meeting promises made to mittelstand (negative)tight credit, fixed prices, influence of big businesses, official agencies still paying bills (bankruptcy)
Impact of economic change on RAD Workers?
(positive) educated young people in spirit of national socialism reduced unemployment register and older generations approved to the young having hard work (negative)low pay, people had to live far away from home. Forced to work 6 months
What was the view of the women's role?
Women look after men and have aryan babies. They were required to increased birth rates and develop healthy Germans. Nazis prepared them for their role by restricting their opportunities (e.g. employment)
What methods did the Nazis use to raise birth rates through 'carrot' methods?
Financial incentive with marriage loans and birth grants Improved maternity services Mother Cross (propaganda to raise self esteem) Lebensborn programme (birth outside marriage)
What methods did the Nazis use to raise birth rates through 'stick' methods?
Penalties (high tax for child less couples) Tighter penalties for abortion and contraception
What did the Nazis do to people with 'undesirables'?
Compulsory sterilisation in 1939-1945
What methods did the nazis use to increase marriages?
600K marriage loans to unemployed couples in 1933. Loans were extended to women in work in 1937 Marriage laws extended to divorce (supported divorce as people couple re marry for more efficient partnering)
What methods did the nazis use to assure aryan marriage?
1935- 'fitness to marry' certificate before marriage and Blood Protection Law against marriage with un-germans In 1941, couples cohabiting after marriage was banned and sent to concentration camps
How did the Nazis improve the welfare system for women?
National Socialist Welfare Organisation was set up. Expansion of health offices In 1939-45 Improved child care facilities- especially for working mums
How had the university enrolment changed for women under the Third Reich?
Limited enrolment to university to 10%. These restrictions dropped as demands for well educated workers increased
What jobs were women specifically dismissed/banned from under the Third Reich?
In 1933 Women in top civil service and medical jobs were dismissed. In 1936 women were banned from being judges and lawyers No female members of the Reichstag permitted
What female organisations were there for women?
2 women's organisations made; NSF and DFW were the only organisations permitted. These supported war efforts in 1939-45.
What are the results of the Nazis efforts to encourage the perfect female population?
Birth rates rose but then slowly declined. Divorces increased post 1938 Infant mortality dropped by 1% between 1933-6 Female university students declined but employment roles rose
Why did the results of efforts to form the perfect female populations turn out the way they did?
Confidence and optimism caused more of a feeling of security to have children and marry. Restrictions for women relaxed when worker demands increased
What groups did young men/boys go into ?
RAD (Reich Labour Service) Wehremacht (army) Pimpfen Young German Boys Hitler Youth
```What groups did young women/girls go into ?
NSF National Socialist Womens Organisation Young Girls BDM (League of German Girls)
What youth groups did all genders go to?
German Labour Front (DAF) NSDAP German Students League
How is Hitler Youth run? How much had it grown during the Third Reich?
Fun and action with intimidation to persuade members to conform to demands. Grew rapidly in 1933 from government support. Hitler Youth eventually took over other organisations.
What are the limitations of youth organisations?
Many avoided the youth groups after leaving school Rival gangs formed which authorities failed to suppress Hitler Youth became less successful as it included less committed youngsters due to stress of military prep
How many teachers joined the Nazi party in 1936?
30% voluntarily joined | The rest were pressured
How many people joined the National Socialists Teaching League in 1937? What did they do?
97% | One month training on Nazi ideology and physical education
How did the nazis monitor and coordinate teachers?
Officers kept local records of individual teachers. If they insufficiently committed, they would be dismissed.
How did parents feel about the removal of religious education?
Parents voted an end to denominational education (religious schools). So by 1939, all were removed
What was the National Political Institutes of Educations (NAPOLAS) ?
for boys between 10-18 to develop future leaders. It was announced in 1933 by Minister Rust. It was taken over by the SS in 1936 who also provided military style boarding education. Physical Education was still a priority as political training replaced R.E.
What were Adolf Hitler Schools?
Formed in 1937 Youth Leader Schlarch and DAF Leader Ley set up 11. They partially rivalled with NAPOLAS. They provided free boarding for 12-18s, who were selected on physical and military training
What was higher education like in the Third Reich?
Nazis controlled student league, 25% students avoided. | 2x a week received ideological and fitness training- scoring sport points.
What are the main forms of opposition in the regime?
Non-conformity (listen to Jazz, reading banned books, not attending meetings or heilling hitler) Protests (spontaneous public, anti nazi graffiti, pressure for high wages, assassination attempts) Resistance (hiding Hews, refusing Hitler Youth, helping victims of the Nazis, publicly criticising the regime_
What happened to the banned party members?
Banned party members met in secret which was broken up a 1000 by the Gestapo in 1936
How did the nazis treat some of the unemployed?
People unwilling to work was seen as an 'offence to the community'. Pressures to work increased. Unemployed were sent to police work rather than welfare. Thousands send to camps.
How did the nazis treat some of the vagabonds?
1/2 million vagabonds in 1933 were rounded up and divided into the 'orderly' (given work) and 'disorderly' (imprisoned, forced to wear black triangle)
How did the nazis perceive the asocials of the community?
They stressed on a biological origin- deeming them unworthy. This resulted in murder and sterilised to 'remove' them from the communities.
How many homosexual people were arrested overall? Which gender saw it more?
Between 10,000-15,000 arrested and sent to camps | Lesbians weren't subjected to formal prosecution as they weren't seen as a threat to the nation
How were Jehovas Witnesses treated?
Despite the Nazis were cautious to mass Christians, they acted fiercely against the minority (JW), as they refused to join the army. Whole families were arrested and 1/3 of them had died in concentration camps
How were travellers (gypsies) treated?
Weren't seen as a threat as they were a small group of 30,000. But they were not allowed to contaminate German blood. By the late 30s, they became victims of radicalisation. 1938 saw the 'Decree for Struggle Against Gypsie Plague'. and in 1939 they were sent to camps, which 11,000/20,000 were gassed in Auschwitz
What the categories of the different outsiders?
'ideological' (threaten political unity) 'Biological' (threaten purity) 'social' (behaviours against social norms) 'burdens' (e.g. mentally ill)
What was the 'First Act' for outsiders? What happened to them?
A law that allowed compulsory sterilisation of the hereditary ill who bared such genes 350,000 sterilised in the 12 years, which 100 died from the 'Hitler Cut'
How did the Nazis treat the disabled? How did their methods escalate?
Concept of mercy killing initiated from a letter from a father asking for his disabled son to be put to sleep. Disabled children were killed with Special Unit T4- which the government registered after 3 doctors examined . This was gradually extended to adults
How were jokes a form of resistance and what was the punishment?
anti-jokes and the 'german glance'. | Sent to camps and got the death penalty. Executed for undermining the morale
Who was Bernard Lichtenberg?
Protested against concentration camps and the persecution of Jews, sick, mentally ill to the nazi officials. He was dismissed as a nuisance. He instead did all he could to alleviate physical suffering of those persecuted
What did General Beck do in resistance?
1938, opposed the Czech attack, threatening to resign a nation over Hitlers radical approach (which he did). He then planned a march to Berlin but was later called off
What did SOPADE do as resistance?
underground leaflet distribution, whispering propaganda campaign.
How many members of the KPD were arrested?
2/3 members arrested
When did troops go to the Rhinelands to reclaim?
March 1936
When was Kristallnacht?
November 1938
When were Jews banned from owning farms?
1933
What laws against the Jews were established in 1935?
Law for Protection of German Blood and German Honour (forbid mixed marriage) Reich Citizenship Law (depriving Jews) Law for the Protection for Genetic Health of German People (certificate and medical exam before marriage)
What was the Nuremberg Rally about in 1937?
Hitlers fierce speech attacking the Jews
When did Germany union with Austria? What did this mean for Germany's racial policy?
1938 | Gained 150,000 more jews
What did Adolf Euchmann do after the Anschluss union?
Forced 45,000 Austrian jews to emigrate
When was the Decree of Registering Jewish Property? How much did the property have to cost?
1938 | Over 500RM
Who were forbidden to have aryan clients ?
Jewish doctors, dentists and lawyers
How does Hitler start referring to his racial policy?
He refers to it as an 'annihilation' and tells his czech foreign minister that he will destroy the Jews
How big were the Jewish population in Germany?
Jews only held 1% of German population
What was other countries response to Jewish emigration
Reluctant to help- restricted as the US had the Red Scare and Britain was dealing with a depression. Neither could house the German Jews
What is the significance of Kristallnacht?
A turning point. No one interfered due to the Gestapo fear. Fear of the consequences was less apparent and some even agreed with anti-semitism Showed radical aryanisation- would not stop short of terrorising and murdering its own people
What has Gregory Stanton described the Nazi's holocaust as?
'Eight Stages of Genocide'
What are the accounts of peoples response to Kristallnact?
'I saw fashionably dressed women clapping' 'middle class mothers held up their babies'
```How much money did the elites give to Hitler to back his electoral campaigns?
3 Million RM
When did Goebells become the Minister of Propaganda? What was he before?
March 1933. | Nazi Propaganda Chief
How many extra policemen were drafted for the 1933 elections?
50,000
How many people died in street fighting against the SA?
69 people
What did the Nazis do legally after the Night of Long Knives?
Retrospective law- legalised the murders from the Night of Long Knives.
How many people supported Hitler becoming of the Fuhrer during the plebiscite (national vote)?
90%
What quotes are there about the Nazi legal system?
'institutional social Darwinism' | 'it functioned without the dictator necessarily needing to dictate'
What did Hitler say in September 1934 that showed total coordination?
'it's not the state which commands us, but rather we who command the state'
