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History Edexcel GCSE Weimar & Nazi Germany > Nazi Control and Dictatorship: 1933 - 1939 > Flashcards

Nazi Control and Dictatorship: 1933 - 1939 Flashcards

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1
Q

What four events helped Hitler to create a Nazi dictatorship?

A
  1. Reichstag Fire
  2. Enabling Act
  3. Night of the Long Knives
  4. Death of Hindenburg
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2
Q

What were the events of the Reichstag Fire and when did it happen?

A

The Reichstag (parliament) was set on fire on 27 February 1933. Marinus van der Lubbe - a Dutch communist was accused of starting the fire and later executed.

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3
Q

How did Hitler use the Reichstag Fire to his advantage?

A

He accused the Communist Party of conspiring against the government and arrested 4000 communists on the night of the fire.

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4
Q

What did the Reichstag Fire also allow Hitler to do?

A

Hitler was able to pass the ‘Decree for the Protection of the People and the State,’ allowing him to imprison political opponents and ban their newspapers.

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5
Q

What did Hitler persuade Hindenburg to do on 5 March 1933?

A

He convinced Hindenburg to call an election to secure more Nazi seats.

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6
Q

What was the outcome of the March 1933 election?

A

By using his emergency powers to ban the communists from taking up seats, the Nazi Party secured ⅔ seats. Hitler was now able to change the constitution.

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7
Q

When was the Enabling Act and why was Hitler able to pass this?

A

In March 1933, Hitler was able to pass the Enabling Act since he had support from ⅔ of the Reichstag.

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8
Q

What did the Enabling Act let Hitler do?

A

This gave Hitler the power to pass new laws for 4 years without the approval of the Reichstag. There was no more democracy.

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9
Q

In what three ways did Hitler use the Enabling Act to control Germany?

A
  • Banned all trade unions apart from the DAF (German Labour Front)
  • Banned all other political parties
  • Eradicated the powers of the Länder (local government)
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10
Q

What were three reasons why Röhm and the SA were a threat to Hitler?

A
  1. The leader of the SS wanted to reduce the power of the SA
  2. The SA were more loyal to Röhm
  3. Hitler wanted support from the German army who opposed the SA
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11
Q

What happened on the Night of the Long Knives and when?

A

On 30 June 1934, 100 members of the SA and Röhm were set up and arrested by the SS. Afterwards, they were shot including Vice Chancellor von Papen.

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12
Q

When did President Hindenburg die?

A

In August 1934.

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13
Q

What two things did Hitler do after Hindenburg’s death?

A
  • Hitler combined the posts of Chancellor and President to become Führer (leader) of Germany
  • Hitler also made the army swear an oath of allegiance to him
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14
Q

What were the main organisations in the Nazi Police State?

A
  1. SS (Protection Squad)
  2. SD (Security Service)
  3. Gestapo
  4. Concentration Camps
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15
Q

Who was the SS set up by and when?

A

By Heinrich Himmler in 1925.

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16
Q

What were the key features of the SS?

A
  • Wore black uniforms
  • Were Aryan race and had to marry ‘racially pure’ wives
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17
Q

What was the purpose of the SS?

A
  • They were Hitler’s private bodyguards
  • Controlled all Germany’s police and security force
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18
Q

When was the SD set up and who was it led by?

A

In 1931, led by Reinhard Heydrich.

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19
Q

What was the purpose of the SD?

A
  • Intelligence group
  • Kept records of everyone opposing the Nazi Party at home and abroad
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20
Q

Who was the Gestapo led by and when was it set up?

A

Set up in 1933 and led by Reinhard Heydrich.

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21
Q

What were key features of the Gestapo?

A
  • Wore plain clothes
  • Only 30,000 policed a population of 80 million
  • Could use torture
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22
Q

What was the role of the Gestapo?

A
  • Arrested anyone who spoke out against the Nazis and sent them to camps
  • Spied on people and used informants (ordinary people) to identify suspects
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23
Q

What were concentration camps used for?

A

They were prisons that held Jews, homosexuals and political prisoners.

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24
Q

When and where was the first concentration camp opened?

A

In Dachau 1933.

25
Q

What were two features of concentration camps?

A
  1. Located in isolated areas
  2. Inmates were treated badly and had to do hard labour
26
Q

How did the Nazi police state help control people?

A

The existence of the secret police meant Germans were afraid being spied on and sent to camps. Therefore, people chose not to criticise the Nazis at home or in public.

27
Q

How did Hitler control the judges?

A

All judges had to be part of the Nationalist Socialist League for the Maintenance of the Law. Judges also had to favour the Nazi Party above the law.

28
Q

How did Hitler control the courts?

A

He set up a People’s Court for cases of treason that were held in secrecy. He also abolished trial by jury so only judges were able to decide whether someone was guilty.

29
Q

Why was the Church a threat to Hitler?

A

Hitler saw the Church as a threat because they owed their loyalty to God and not him. They also had different beliefs. Eg: Nazis believed Aryans were superior, whereas Christians saw that everyone was equal.

30
Q

How did Hitler attempt to control the Catholic Church?

A

In July 1933, Hitler reached a Concordat (agreement) with the Pope that Catholics were free to practice their religion, as long as they didn’t interfere with politics.

31
Q

How did Hitler break his promise with the Catholic Church?

A

Priests opposing the Nazi were sent to concentration camps, Catholic schools were closed and Catholic youth groups were banned.

32
Q

How did Hitler try and control the Protestant Church?

A

Some Protestants were willing to work with the Nazis and created the Reich Church in 1936.

33
Q

How many Churches did the Reich Church encompass?

A

2000 Protestant Churches.

34
Q

How was the Reich Church different to regular Protestant churches?

A
  • Some members wore the Nazi uniform
  • The Reich Bishop was Ludwig Müller, who was a NSDAP member
35
Q

What is propaganda?

A

Information or material aimed at making people think or act in a certain way.

36
Q

What is censorship?

A

Controlling what information, ideas or opinions can be spread.

37
Q

Who was Joseph Goebbels?

A

Nazi Minister of Enlightenment and Propaganda.

38
Q

How did newspapers influence people’s attitudes to the Nazi Party?

A

Journalists were told what they could and couldn’t publish in newspapers. As a result, newspapers only contained views that the Nazis supported, encouraging the public to adopt these views too.

39
Q

How was the radio controlled by the Nazis?

A

The Nazis created the ‘People’s Receiver’ which was a cheap mass produced radio. It was also short range so it couldn’t pick up foreign stations.

40
Q

How did radios indoctrinate the German public?

A

All radios broadcast pro-Nazi messages and were placed in public areas such as cafes and schools so everyone could hear it. The constant use of radios helped to increase support for the Nazis.

41
Q

How was film used to influence the public?

A

At the beginning of each film, there was a 45 minute newsreel publicising Hitler’s achievements. The films themselves also had subtle political messages to indoctrinate the wider German population in supporting his party.

42
Q

How did the 1934 Nuremburg Rally influence Germans?

A

The Nuremburg Rally had thousands of swastika banners and a 100-foot giant eagle, showcasing the strength of the Nazi Party. Around 200,000 people attended, showing Hitler’s widespread support.

43
Q

When was the Berlin Olympics?

A

1936.

44
Q

How did the Berlin Olympics show the Nazi’s strength?

A
  • Nazis built the largest stadium in the world at the time
  • Germany won 33 gold medals
45
Q

Why did the Olympics indoctrinate people into supporting the NSDAP?

A

At the Olympics, all teams had to do the Nazi salute. The sight of foreigners paying their respects to the Nazi Party, encouraged Germans to do the same.

46
Q

How did the Nazis control art?

A

All artists had to be members of the Reich Chamber of Visual Arts. All artwork that the Nazis disagreed with were banned.

47
Q

How did the Nazis control literature?

A

The Nazis had to approve any books that were published and books they disagreed with were destroyed. Eg: in May 1933, students in Berlin burned 20,000 books written by ‘Degenerates’ (Jews etc).

48
Q

How did Nazis control architecture?

A

The Nazis used architecture to make them seem powerful and permanent. In particular, Hitler liked the work of Albert Speer as he built huge, traditional buildings.

49
Q

Why was there little to no opposition to the Nazis between 1933 - 39?

A
  1. Widespread support for Nazis for overcoming the Great Depression and propaganda
  2. People feared the Gestapo, so they conformed to the Nazi regime
  3. Police state and control over the legal system dealt with opponents
50
Q

What opposition did the Nazi Party face?

A
  • The Church
  • The youth
51
Q

What opposition did the Nazi Party face from the Protestant Church?

A

Martin Niemöller was a Protestant pastor who disliked the Nazi’s interference with the Church and the ban on Jews becoming Christians. He publicly spoke out against the Nazis and set up the Confessing Church in 1934.

52
Q

How many churches did the Confessing Church cover?

A

6000 Churches.

53
Q

How did Hitler deal with opposition from the Church?

A

He arrested 800 pastors, including Niemöller and sent them to concentration camps.

54
Q

Who were the Edelweiss Pirates and why did they form?

A

They were a working-class youth group that disliked the military discipline of Nazi youth groups.

55
Q

What did the Edelweiss Pirates do?

A
  • They copied American fashion
  • Attacked the Hitler Youth
  • Wrote anti-Nazi graffiti
  • Went on long hikes to escape the Nazi restrictions
56
Q

How effective was the Edelweiss Pirate’s opposition?

A

The Nazis weren’t threatened by their activities since there were only 2000 members of the Edelweiss Pirates in 1939, compared to the 8 million in Hitler Youth.

57
Q

Who were the Swing Youth and why did they form?

A

They were a wealthy middle-class youth group who also wanted freedom from the Nazi’s control.

58
Q

What did the Swing Youth do?

A
  • Wore American clothes
  • Played illegal American Swing music
  • Gathered to drink alcohol, smoke and dance
59
Q

How strong was oppostion from the Swing Youth?

A

Although some of their illegal dances were attended by 6000 young people, their motive was cultural and not political.

History Edexcel GCSE Weimar & Nazi Germany (4 decks)

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