nature vs nurture - genetics topic 3

Question 1

What is DNA?

Answer 1

a molecule that contains the genetic code that is unique to every individual.

Question 2

Where is DNA in a cell?

Answer 2

cell nucleus

Question 3

What is the structure of DNA?

Answer 3

a double helix formed from two complementary strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds between G-C and A-T base pairs.

Question 4

Describe the relationship between chromosomes, DNA and genes.

Answer 4

work together to make you who you are.

Question 5

what do chromosomes do?

Answer 5

Chromosomes carry DNA in cells.

Question 6

what does DNA do?

Answer 6

DNA is responsible for building and maintaining your human structure.

Question 7

what do genes do?

Answer 7

Genes give you physical characteristics that make you unique.

Question 8

what is a nucleotide?

Answer 8

A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA)

Question 9

What are the 4 bases in DNA? What base pairs with what?

Answer 9

adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). These bases form specific pairs (A with T, and G with C).

Question 10

What bonds hold together the bases in DNA?

Answer 10

Covalent bonds occur within each linear strand and strongly bond the bases, sugars, and phosphate groups

Question 11

What is RNA?

Answer 11

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a molecule that is present in the majority of living organisms

Question 12

Describe how DNA and RNA are similar

Answer 12

they are both chains of similar monomers

Question 13

Describe how DNA and RNA differ

Answer 13

DNA is double-stranded, forming a double helix, while RNA is usually single-stranded

Question 14

What is protein synthesis?

Answer 14

Protein synthesis is the process in which cells make proteins

Question 15

What are the 2 steps of protein synthesis?

Answer 15

transcription and translation.

Question 16

What is involved in protein synthesis?

Answer 16

transcription (DNA - mRNA)
translation (mRNA - protein)

Question 17

Where does protein synthesis occur in the cell?

Answer 17

protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm,

Question 18

What is mRNA?

Answer 18

mRNA stands for messenger RNA. It is
the main molecule associated with
transcription.

Question 19

How is mRNA paired with DNA?

Answer 19

mRNA occurs when an RNA polymerase makes a complementary mRNA copy of a DNA

Question 20

What are the bases?

Answer 20

A-U,
C-G
adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U), and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G).

Question 21

What is the role of the ribosome?

Answer 21

synthesising proteins by translating the genetic code transcribed in mRNA into an amino acid sequence.

Question 22

What is a codon?

Answer 22

A codon is a DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides

Question 23

What is a polypeptide chain?

Answer 23

a string of amino acids connected together by peptide bonds.

Question 24

How is this different to a protein?

Answer 24

a polypeptide is a chain of many amino acids; and a protein contains one or more polypeptides.

Question 25

What is tRNA?

Answer 25

a small RNA molecule that plays a key role in protein synthesis.

Question 26

What is the role of tRNA?

Answer 26

helps decode a messenger sequence into a protein.

Question 27

What is a triplet

Answer 27

a sequence of three nucleotides that determines one amino acid.

Question 28

What is a codon

Answer 28

A codon is a DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides

Question 29

what is anticodon?

Answer 29

a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule

Question 30

what do you always find first when translating mRNA to amino acids using the codon table?

Answer 30

AUG

Question 31

transcribe DNA to mRNA (draw this in book)

Answer 31

look for answer in book or classroom

Question 32

What is a mutation?

Answer 32

a change in a DNA sequence

Question 33

When do mutations occur?

Answer 33

during cell division when your cells divide and replicate.

Question 34

What causes the mutations to occur?

Answer 34

errors in DNA replication or from the damaging effects of mutagens, such as chemicals and radiation

Question 35

How is a point mutation different from a deletion/addition mutation?

Answer 35

affects a single base and most commonly occurs when one base is substituted or replaced by another.

Question 36

How do mutations impact protein synthesis?

Answer 36

By changing a gene’s instructions for making a protein, a variant can cause a protein to malfunction or to not be produced at all

Question 37

What are some diseases that are caused by genetic mutations?

Answer 37

Sickle Cell Disease.
Cystic fibrosis
Huntington’s Disease.

Question 38

Causes and symptoms of Sickle Cell Disease.

Answer 38

Episodes of pain.
Swelling of hands and feet
Frequent infections
Delayed growth or puberty
Vision problems

Question 39

Causes and symptoms of Cystic fibrosis

Answer 39

caused by a defective gene that makes the body produce mucas
the mucus builds up in the lungs and in the pancreas.
The buildup of mucus results in life-threatening lung infections and serious digestion problems.

Question 40

Causes and symptoms of Huntington’s Disease.

Answer 40

caused by a faulty gene that someone is born with.
biggest symptom is called chorea which is rapid movements of the fingers, limbs or facial muscles.
Other symptoms include being impulsive and difficulty communicating.