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Memory > Nature of Memory > Flashcards

Nature of Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three different types of memory?

A

Sensory register, short term memory, long term memory

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2
Q

What is the sensory register?

A

It gathers information from the sense organs. It’s function is to retain information long enough for an individual to be able to decide whether to process the information further. As its duration is only short information that is not attended to is lost

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3
Q

What is the short term memory?

A

If we have paid attention to information in the sensory register then it is sent to the short term memory. It is a temporary store and if information is not rehearsed at this stage it is lost

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4
Q

What is the long term memory?

A

It stores information over lengthy periods of ti,e

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5
Q

What is capacity?

A

This amount of information the memory store holds

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6
Q

What is duration?

A

The length of time the memory store holds information

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7
Q

What is coding?

A

The form in which the information is stored

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8
Q

What are the three main coding methods?

A

Visual, acoustic and semantic

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9
Q

What is the capacity of the sensory register?

A

Large

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10
Q

What is the duration of the sensory register?

A

0.5 seconds

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11
Q

What is the coding of the sensory register?

A

Sense specific

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12
Q

What is the capacity of the STM?

A

5-9 items

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13
Q

What is the duration of the STM?

A

18 seconds

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14
Q

What is the coding of the STM?

A

Acoustic

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15
Q

What is the capacity of the LTM?

A

Unlimited

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16
Q

What is the duration of the LTM?

A

Up to a lifetime

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17
Q

What is the coding of the LTM?

A

Semantic

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18
Q

Who investigated capacity of the sensory register?

A

Sperling

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19
Q

What was the aim and method of sperlings study?

A

To investigate the capacity of the sensory register. He flashed a 3x4 grid of letters onto a screen for one twentieth of a second and asked participants to recall the letters of one row. As the information faded quickly he sounded different tones to indicate which row had to be recalled

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20
Q

What were the findings and conclusion of sperlings study?

A

Recall of the letters in the indicated row was high which suggests all the information was originally there. It indicates that the capacity of the sensory register is quite large

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21
Q

What are two strengths and two limitations of sperlings study?

A

There was high control and cause and effect was established.
There was less ecological validity and demand characteristics

22
Q

What investigated the duration of the sensory register?

A

Walsh and Thompson

23
Q

What were the findings of Walsh and Thompsons study?

A

They found that the iconic store had an average duration of 500 milliseconds which suggests that the duration of sensory memories are limited and dependent on age

24
Q

What is an evaluation point of Walsh and thompsons study?

A

The brief duration of sensory memories is seen as due to their physical traces fading quickly. This suggests a biological explanation for the duration of information within the sensory register. Cells in the brain are fading

25
Q

What are the five sensory stores for coding in the sensory register?

A

Echoic store for auditory, iconic store for visual, haptic store for touch, gustatory store for taste and olfactory store for smell

26
Q

Who investigated coding of the sensory register?

A

Crowder

27
Q

What did Crowder find?

A

Found that the sensory register only retains information in the iconic store for a few milliseconds but for two to three seconds in the echoic store which supports the idea of sensory information being coded into different sensory stores

28
Q

Who investigated the capacity of the short term memory?

A

Jacobs

29
Q

What was the aim and method of Jacobs study?

A

To investigate the capacity of the STM using the digit span technique. He asked the individual to repeat the the digits in the right order and they got progressively longer each time

30
Q

What were the findings and conclusion of Jacobs study?

A

He found that participants could recall on average 5-9 items. The conclusion of the study was that the STM has a limited capacity and new information coming into the STM displaces the old information due to its limited capacity

31
Q

Who supported Jacobs findings and what did he find?

A

Miller found that the capacity of the STM was on average 5-9 items and he found that the STM can be increased by chunking (where items can be remembered better if they are grouped together in larger units)

32
Q

What can you use to evaluate Jacobs study?

A

The strengths and limitations of a lab experiment

33
Q

Who investigated the duration of the STM?

A

Peterson and Peterson

34
Q

What was the aim and method of Peterson and Petersons study?

A

To investigate how long information would stay in the STM when not allowing participants to rehearse. They gave participants a nonsense trigram e.g. a string of three constants and then asked participants to count back in threes from specific 3 digit number. This prevent rehearsal

35
Q

What were the findings and conclusion of Peterson and petersons study?

A

After 3 seconds recall was approximately 80%, after 6 seconds recall decreased to 50% and after 18 seconds participants recalled fewer than 10%. The findings from this study suggest strongly that the information held in the STM is lost easily when there is no opportunity for rehearsal

36
Q

What evaluation can you use for Peterson and Petersons study?

A

The strengths and limitations of a lab experiment

37
Q

Who investigated coding in the STM?

A

Baddeley

38
Q

What was the aim and method of Baddeleys study into STM?

A

To investigate coding in the STM. 75 participants were presented with list A which contained acoustically similar words and list B which contained acoustically dissimilar words. They were then given a word list containing the words but they had to put them back in the correct order

39
Q

What were the findings and conclusion of Baddeleys study?

A

Participants who were presented with a list of words that were acoustically similar performed the worse with a recall of only 10%. He concluded that the data in the STM is coded acoustically

40
Q

What can you use for the evaluation of Baddeleys study?

A

The strengths and limitations of a lab experiment

41
Q

Who investigated the capacity of the LTM?

A

Anokhin

42
Q

What was the statement that Anokhin suggested and what did he conclude?

A

It was estimated that the number of possible neuronal connections in the human brain is 1 followed by 10.5 million kilometres of noughts. He concluded that no human yet exists who. An use all the potential of their brain, suggesting that the capacity of the LTM is limitless

43
Q

Who investigated the duration of the LTM?

A

Bahrick

44
Q

What was the aim and method of Bahricks study?

A

To investigate the duration of the LTM. American participants aged 17 to 74 were given a free recall test and asked to list all the names that they could remember of individual in their graduating class, a photo recognition test and a name recognition test

45
Q

What were the findings and conclusion of Bahricks study?

A

15 years after leaving recall on the recognition test was 90% but only 80% 48 years after leaving. Also, after 15 years the free recall test scores 60% whereas 48 years after leaving it was 30%. Recognition was better than recall which suggest that in real life our memories contain vast amounts of information but we are not always able to recall it. However cues can bring this information back

46
Q

What is a limitation of Bahricks study?

A

Some of the participants may have see their ex classmates regularly and therefore this allows for regular rehearsal so the findings may not be generalisable

47
Q

What is a strengths of Bahricks study?

A

It is representative of real life and therefore it has high validity

48
Q

Who investigated coding in the LTM?

A

Baddeley

49
Q

What was the method of Baddeleys study in the LTM?

A

They got given 2 lists. List A was semantically similar and List B was semantically dissimilar. They were then given a 20 minute interval before they had to recall the words

50
Q

What were the findings and conclusion of Baddeleys study into LTM?

A

He found the words with similar meanings were poorly recalled in comparisons to words with distinct meanings. He concluded that LTM encodes mainly semantically

51
Q

What is the evaluation for Baddeleys study into the LTM?

A

Use the strengths and limitations of a lab experiment

Memory (7 decks)

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