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week 1 - Shoulder and Elbow > Nature of Injury in sports > Flashcards

Nature of Injury in sports Flashcards

1
Q

how many sports injuries occur each year in GB?

A

20 million

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2
Q

which site is most susceptible for sports injuries?

A

lower leg, upper limb and head/neck

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3
Q

what are traumatic sports injuries?

A

-fractures and dislocations
-major muscle ligament tendon injuries
-head and spinal injuries
-chest and abdominal injuries

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4
Q

what are the classifications of bony injuries?

A

-transverse
-oblique
-spiral
-comminuted
-avulsion (piece of bone attached to tendon or ligament is torn away)

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5
Q

what are the clinical features of bony injury?

A

-pain
-tenderness
-localised bruising
-swelling
-deformity
-restriction of movement

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6
Q

what is the management for bony injuries

A

-anatomical functional realignment
-may need reduction
-plaster cast or surgical stabilisation

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7
Q

what is acute compartment syndrome?

A

-occurs in a fracture where there is a resultant soft tissue damage as well
secondary swelling in a muscle compartment with non distensible fascial sheath
severe pain on movement and numbness
treated by fasciotomy

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7
Q

what sites are at risk of growth plate fractures?

A

wrist, elbow, distal femur, tibia, fibula

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8
Q

which sites are susceptible to damage of articular cartilage?

A

talus, femoral condyles, patella and humerus

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9
Q

what is a dislocation?

A

trauma produces complete dissociation of the articulating surfaces

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10
Q

what is subluxation?

A

some contact of articulating surfaces remains

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11
Q

what are treatments to dislocation or subluxation?

A

-reduction
-muscle relaxants
-protect to allow soft tissue to heal
-early protected mobilisation
-rebuild muscle strength

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12
Q

what are grade 1 ligament injuries?

A

fibres stretched but normal range on stressing

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13
Q

what are grade 2 ligament injuries?

A

more fibres involved, laxity on stressing but definite end point

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14
Q

what are grade 3 injuries to ligaments?

A

complete tear, excessive laxity and no end point may be pain free as nerve fibres torn

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15
Q

what is the management for grade 1 and 2 ligament injuries?

A

-promote tissue healing
-prevent joint stiffness
-protect against further damage
-strengthen muscle to provide additional joint stability
-protection may allow earlier return to sport

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16
Q

what is the treatment for a grade 3 ligament injury?

A

conservative, medial collateral of knee or lateral collateral of ankle
surgical (direct repair or reconstruction)

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17
Q

when are tears and strains common?

A

-when demands exceed muscles capacity
-most common if it crosses 2 joints
-commonly hamstring, quadriceps and gastrocnemius
-common during sudden acceleration/deceleration

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17
Q

what is grade 1 classification of a muscle injury?

A

few fibres, localised pain and no loss of strength

17
Q

grade 2 muscle injury?

A

significant no of fibres, swelling, pain on contraction, reduced strength and limitation of movement

18
Q

grade 3 muscle injury?

A

complete tear, most common at musculotendinous junctions

19
Q

how does quadriceps rupture?

A

direct impact against contracted muscle or sign vigorous contraction

20
Q

what is myositis ossificans?

A

occurs when haematoma calcifies
most common in severe contusions
suspected if resolution is slow
diagnosed on x ray after 14 days
slow recovery

21
Q

what do normal tendons consist of?

A

tight parallel bundles of collagen fibres

22
Q

what is involved in injuries to the tendons?

A

generally occur at point of least blood supply
rupture may be complete or partial and usually occurs without warning
achilles and supraspinatus are most common

23
Q

what are bursas?

A

small fluid filled sacs usually situated between a tendon and a bone
role is to reduce friction
present in hips, knees, feet, shoulders and elbows

24
Q

what are the complications associated with bone injuries?

A

-infection
-acute compartment syndrome
-DVT/pulmonary embolism
-delayed union/non union
-malunion

25
Q

what is delayed union?

A

prolonged healing of a fracture

26
Q

what is a non union?

A

failure of a fracture to heal

27
Q

what is malunion?

A

-fractured bone does not heal properly
-may be due to bone being twisted, shorter or bent
-bones improperly aligned when immobilised, cast too early, not seeking medical attention after break
-common and painful

28
Q

what are the 5 R’s of ortho?

A

-resusciate
-reduce
-radiograph
-restrict
-rehabilitate

29
Q

who are more susceptible to chronic overuse injury?

A

females

30
Q

what does the pill reduce?

A

-risk of tendon damage and ACL rupture

31
Q

what can impact sports injuries?

A

-menstrual cycle
-pill
-menopause
-diabetes

32
Q

what is bursitis?

A

fluid filled sac around joints, stops structures from getting irritated from skin movement. can get infected and usually presents in people who work on their knees

33
Q

how is s a soft tissue injury managed?

A

POLICE
protection
optimal loading
ice
compression
elevation

34
Q

what happens if patients rest too much?

A

risk of loss of bone density and strength

35
Q

what is the treatment for tendon rupture?

A

-brace and crutches
-ice reduce swelling
-compression strapping to reduce swelling
-elevation needed

36
Q

what is the treatment for fracture?

A

-advanced trauma life support
-stop bleeding
-reduce bone and put it in splint
-X-RAY/CT
-fix bone
-rehabilities

37
Q

how do we manage chronic injury?

A

remove the cause
introduce preventative measures
extend rehabilitation

38
Q

what is tendonosis?

A

chronic changes that develop due to multiple tendonitis, increased type 3 collagen, separation of collagen fibres over expression of VEGF, tendons feel hard and thick can look dull and brown rather than white

39
Q

what is the treatment for tendonosis?

A

-remove cause
-improve health and nutrition
-introduce preventative measures
-discuss extended rehab

40
Q

what are tendons made up of?

A

collagen (mainly type I) and elastin embedded in proteoglycan water matrix

41
Q

how is an ACL injury managed?

A

Protection – you may be offered a knee brace.
Optimal Loading – you may be given crutches to reduce the amount of weight put on the injured joint. This can help control pain and swelling.
Ice – the regular application of ice packs can reduce pain and swelling.
Compression – you may be given an elastic compression bandage to reduce swelling.
Elevation – this will help reduce swelling. Try to keep your knee above the height of your hip.
ACL reconstruction

42
Q

how is an Achilles ligament injury managed?

A

week 1 - Shoulder and Elbow (9 decks)

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