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Russia 1855-1964 > Nature Of Government Under The Tsars > Flashcards

Nature Of Government Under The Tsars Flashcards

1
Q

What is Autocracy?

A
  • A system of government in which one person has total power.
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2
Q

What were the three strands of Tsarist autocracy?

A
  • Subjects were loyal to the Tsar.
  • Tsar obliged as a moral judge on behalf of God.
  • Ability to control a vast and diverse population of people.
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3
Q

When did Alexander II become Tsar?

A

1855

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4
Q

When was the emancipation edict announced?

A

1861

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5
Q

When was Alexander II assassinated?

A

1881

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6
Q

When did Alexander III die?

A

1894

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7
Q

When did Nicholas II become Tsar?

A

1894

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8
Q

When was the first Duma established?

A

1906

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9
Q

When did Nicholas II abdicate?

A

1917.

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10
Q

Why did Alexander II want to abolish serfdom?

A
  • Failures of the Crimean War.
  • Better to abolish serfdom from above then to wait for it to begin to abolish itself from below.
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11
Q

What was the secret committee of peasant affairs?

A
  • Formed in 1857 to plan for the emancipation of the serfs.
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12
Q

When did Alexander II reform the education system and what did he implement?

A
  • 1863 Created primary schools.
  • Made alterations to the curriculum.
  • Introduced inspectorate.
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13
Q

What did Alexander II form in 1864?

A
  • Zemstvas to improve local government.
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14
Q

When and why did Alexander II end his reform program?

A
  • 1866 after an attempt on his life.
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15
Q

What was the trial of the 50?

A
  • Trial of 50 key political opponents in 1877.
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16
Q

Who was Alexander II assassinated by?

A
  • Peoples will.
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17
Q

What was the peasant land bank?

A
  • Established in 1883 to provide cheap loans for the purchase of land.
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18
Q

Who did Alexander III execute in 1887?

A
  • Lenins brother and four other associates who had planned to assassinate AIII.
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19
Q

When were land captains introduced and what was there role?

A
  • 1889 to monitor behaviour of the peasants.
20
Q

What did Nicholas II introduce after the 1905 revolution?

A
  • October manifesto and a new constitution.
21
Q

What did Nicholas II sign in 1914?

A
  • Signed general mobilisation order.
  • Brought Russia into the First World War.
22
Q

What did Nicholas II order in 1915?

A
  • Ordered Russian armed forces to be placed under his control.
23
Q

Who was Pobedonostev?

A
  • Legal advisor.
  • Tutor to Alexander II.
24
Q

How did Alexander IIIs upbringing influence the way he ruled?

A
  • Pobedonostev did not believe in liberal democracy or parliamentarianism.
  • Witnessed how liberal reforms led to the death of his father Alexander II.
25
Q

Why did Nicholas II introduce the reforms in 1905?

A
  • Economic crisis.
  • Failures of the Russo-Japanese war.
  • Social unrest: Bloody Sunday, Potemkin mutany and strikes.
26
Q

Was Nicholas II reactionary or revolutionary?

A
  • Believed in the same ideas as his father Alexander III.
  • Forced to make changes as a result of economic crisis and Russo-Japanese war.
  • Fundamental Laws of 1906.
27
Q

How was the central government structure made up from 1861 to 1905?

A
  • The Tsar.
  • The Committee of Ministers.
  • The Imperial Council of State.
  • The Personal Chancellery of his Imperial Majesty.
  • Council of Ministers.
  • The Senate.
28
Q

What reform did Alexander II make to the Structure of Government in 1861?

A
  • Introduced The Committee of Ministers.
  • 13 ministers who had responsibility for particular aspect of Russian affairs.
  • Examples: Minister of War, Minister of Finance.
29
Q

How was Government structured after 1905?

A
  • The Tsar.
  • The Council of Ministers.
  • The State Council.
  • The Duma.
  • The Senate.
30
Q

What was the secret police before the Okhrana

A

Third Section of the Imperial Chancellery

31
Q

What was glasnot?

A

Period of relaxation under Alexander II and Nicholas II.

32
Q

What is an example of relaxation of censorship under Alexander II and Alexander III?

A

Books published increased from over 1000 in 1855 to over 10000 in 1894.

33
Q

What was the Okhrana

A

-Established 1880 as a softer version of the Third Secio
-A3 used the okhrana for spying, imprisoning, and exiling
-Took a lower profile in the 1890s
-Activity increased in 1905 utilised as agent provocateurs and executioners
-Lasted until 1917

34
Q

What was the secret police under the Provisional Government

A

Counter Espionage Bureau

35
Q

What is meant by Alexander IIIs period of reaction?

A

Harsher censorship rules that came about after the assassination of Alexander II.

36
Q

What was the Counter Espionage Bureau used for

A

-Weeding out those undermining the war effort including the Bolsheviks

37
Q

What was the size of the army at the start of the period

A

1,400,000

38
Q

How did Alexander III use the army

A

-Enforcing Russification serving as a peace keeping force and regulator of regional frontiers

39
Q

Why was Nicholas’s use of the army problematic

A

Excessive force on Bloody Sunday resulted in the 1905 revolution

40
Q

Who were the populists

A

-(Narodniks) were Russian intellectuals given greater freedom to criticise tsarist rule following reforms of Alexander II
-Led by Chernyshevsky and Lavrov
-1873-4 organised 4000 university students dispersing into countrywide to educate the peasants
-Became more organised when land and liberty formed 1876
-Seperaree on whether to employ violence or peace

41
Q

What is People’s Will

A

-Terrorist group emerging from the Land and Liberty movement formed 1879
-Primary objective to assassinate the Tsar conducting four attempts before succeeding in 1881
-Assasinatio failed to result in the overthrow of Tsarism

42
Q

Who were the SRs

A

-Social Revolutionaries
-Emerged from populist movement formed 1901 by Chernov
-By 1905 had split between left wing SRs and moderate right wing
-Responsiblr for 2000 political killings
-Left wing appealed to workers
-Right wing appealed to the peasants
-Was the biggest threat to Tsarist rule until october 1917

43
Q

What were the SDs

A

-Social Democrats
-1898 Founded in Minsk
-Encouraged working class consciousness however few workers had time to engage with marxist theory
-SD supporters focused on improving pay and working hours
-1905 there were divisions between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks

44
Q

What are the Liberals

A

-“Westernisers” opposed to Slavophiles
-Wanted Russia to be governed as a liberal democracy like Britain and France
-Supported the emergence of the Zemstva
-Struve founded the Union of Liberation demanding greater freedoms and justice for all russians particularly in land redistribution

45
Q

Who were the Kadets and Octobrists

A

-Kadets wanted a constitutional monarchy led by Milyukov
-acted as the opposition within the first duma
-Octoberists displayed loyalty to the Tsar but wanted changes to the system of government
-Support it the October manifesto alienated them from other revolutionaries

46
Q

What was the impact of the Emancipation Edict on peasant attitudes

A

-Emancipation edict unleashes a number of disturbances involving thousands of peasants
-Unrest quietened until the 1890s
-Peasant rebellions increased 1900s prompted by redemption payments
-Peasants began to become more politically intelligent with peasants not paying taxes, robbery, and incendiary

47
Q

What were the Black Earth Region revolts

A

-Revolts on 1906-7 resulted in reforms by Stolypin to pacify peasant leaders
-From 1916 peasants began increasingly protesting forming an integral part of the revolution of 1917
-Peasantry acted more organised than before forming peasant soviets

Russia 1855-1964 (16 decks)

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