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SOUTH AFRICA - development of grand apartheid and growing resistance 1955-78 > Nature, development and effectiveness of resistance 1955-78 > Flashcards

Nature, development and effectiveness of resistance 1955-78 Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Freedom Charter?

A

1955 - read out at a nationwide meeting organised by ANC. Held in Kliptown on 26th June

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2
Q

What 3 things did 1955 Freedom Charter do?

A

Brought together delegates from many different organisations such as Trade Unions and Indian Congress

Charter acted as a manifesto for ANC, detailing a clear statement of their demands

Showed many people ANC’s aims and acted as a basis for their campaign for a long time

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3
Q

what happened in 1960?

A

Sharpeville protest

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4
Q

when did the Sharpeville protest occur?

A

21st March

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5
Q

What did the 1960 Sharpeville protest result in?

A

Police fired into crowd as they ran and killed 69
Put gov into crisis and led to them banning ANC
International outrage

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6
Q

When was Mandela arrested and what did this mean?

A

1962 - meant ANC’s leader was gone

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7
Q

When was the Rivonia Trial?

A

1963-4

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8
Q

What happened during the Rivonia Trials?

A

Mandela and 10 other opponents of apartheid were put on trial where they were accused of sabotage and conspiracy

Mandela sentenced to life imprisonment - but able to speak for 3 hours at trial

Gained a lot of notice

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9
Q

What was set up in 1969?

A

SASO (South African students organisation) by Steve Biko

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10
Q

What did the SASO do?

A

Opposed apartheid system

First black student/political group that was legally allowed to exist

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11
Q

when was the Soweto Uprising?

A

1976

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12
Q

what happened during Soweto uprising 1976?

A

1000’s of students gathered at their schools to protests education system

Then decided to march to Orlando soccer stadium but were stopped by police

2 students were shot

Sparked huge uprising from many and angered many people

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13
Q

When was the Treason Trial?

A

1956-61

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14
Q

what started the treason trial?

A

Following charter 156 people were arrested that were connected with it (105 black africans, 23 whites, 21 Indians & 7 coloureds)

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15
Q

What were the people in the treason trial accused of?

A

Treason of supporting communism and supporting a communist organisation but some hadn’t even been in Kliptown

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16
Q

What happened during the Treason Trial?

A

Badly organised so dragged on for years
In jail the accused were able to meet together and plan
lots of media coverage

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17
Q

what was the result of the trial?

A

Unable to carry out political activity and excluded for 5 years

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18
Q

in 1952 in Johannesburg who led women’s anti-pass demonstrations?

A

Albertina Sisulu

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19
Q

What happened to anti-pass demonstrations in 1956?

A

women asked to meet with minister of pass laws

minister refused which led to a massive all women demonstration where they occupied gov office in Pretoria

protested without getting harmed

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20
Q

What were shebeens and what did the government do to them?

A

Women could earn money brewing beer and selling it in a sheen but it was banned by the government

Police raided them and fined women heavily

In Cato manor, near Durban police raided and burnt beer halls

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21
Q

When did bus boycotts take place?

A

1957

22
Q

why did 1957 bus protests take place and what happened during them?

A

some busses raised fares

in township of Alexandra people boycotted the busses and walked 32km instead

harassed by police but fares were decreased

23
Q

What did government try to do to livestock in homelands?

A

introduce a cattle killing policy to improve rest of livestock as homelands were too crowded

24
Q

How did people revolt against cattle killing policy?

A

Revolt in Pondoland went on for several years but was eventually stamped out

Some chiefs refused and were removed

managed to stop policy but raids happened

25
Q

How big was the group of protesters at Sharpeville?

A

5000

26
Q

How many were wounded in Sharpeville massacre?

A

180

27
Q

What happened to Sharpeville massacre pictures?

A

printed in newspapers all around the world

28
Q

In April 1960 what did the UN security council ask SA to do?

A

Abandon apartheid

29
Q

What happened in SA for the next few days after Sharpeville?

A

riots in SA and a further 86 people were killed

30
Q

What happened in the Cape Town protest after Sharpeville?

A

Around 30,000 marched through the town to protest. police promised leader a meeting but when he turned up he was arrested

31
Q

what did black workers in the city do after Sharpeville?

A

3 week strike

32
Q

What did the ANC do on 28th March 1960?

A

organised protest day where people stayed home followed by a mass burning of passes

33
Q

what did the government declare on 30th March 1960?

A

state of emergency that lasted until august

34
Q

What happened to ANC and PAC in April 1960?

A

banned

35
Q

What was the MK and what did it do?

A

set up by mandela

opted for violence against property

HQ in Rivonia

Bombings started in 1961

36
Q

Due to Sharpeville how much was withdrawn by foreign investors?

A

£100 million

37
Q

how were the killers in Sharpeville treated?

A

no-one was arrested

law passed to say no-one could go to court over massacre

38
Q

What was the Black Consciousness Movement?

A

Grass roots anti-apartheid activist movement that emerged in SA in mid- 60’s out of the political vacuum created by jailing and banning of ANC and PAC after Sharpeville

39
Q

How was the BCM carried out?

A

Through art, literature, music, thought, philosophy

40
Q

What was the BCM inspired by?

A

black is beautiful campaign in the US civil rights campaign

41
Q

How was music used in BCM movement?

A

Soweto jazz festival

SA artists e.g Dollar Brand

42
Q

what happened to SA economy in 1973 and why?

A

worldwide economic crisis

SA suffered wage reductions, longer hours and poorer working conditions

43
Q

What did black workers do in 1973?

A

went on strike - effective as the workers mainly commuted from Zulu homeland and therefore united by leaders and ethnic loyalty

44
Q

What was the immediate consequence of 1973 strikes?

A

Due to solidarity of workers, employees were forced to give in and restore wages to previous levels

45
Q

Was the long term consequence of the 1973 strikes?

A

Many workers learnt lesson from strike and trade unions started to form again

46
Q

state 4 causes of Soweto uprising 1976

A

Many children wanted to be educated (3.5 million in 1975)

SA businesses also needed better educated workers in their offices

Schools were very run down - around 60-100 children in one class

Gov had announced that some subjects such as Maths, History and Geography were going to be in Afrikaans - a language that only some whites spoke

47
Q

When did the Soweto Uprisings begin?

A

June 16th 1976

48
Q

During the 1976 uprisings how many people were tortured and killed by government?

A

1000 (gov said only 600)

49
Q

When was the Bantu Education decree?

A

1974 - use of Afrikaans

50
Q

As a result of the Soweto Uprisings how many students went abroad to join ANC and MK?

A

14,000

SOUTH AFRICA - development of grand apartheid and growing resistance 1955-78 (3 decks)

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