NATURE BIOSTATS AND DATA PROCESSING

Question 1

• Science dealing with the collection,
  organization, analysis, and interpretation of
  numerical data
• Art of summarizing data so that non-
  statistician can understand it

Answer 1

Statistics

Question 2

a special branch of statistics which deals with
quantitative and qualitative aspects of vital
phenomena

Answer 2

Biostatistics

Question 3

– Methods of summarizing and presenting data
– Computation of measures of central tendency and
variability
– Tabulation and graphical presentation
– Facilitate understanding, analysis, and
interpretation of data

Answer 3

Descriptive Statistics

Question 4

– Methods of arriving at conclusions and
generalizations about a target population based
on information from a sample
– Estimation of parameters and hypotheses testing

Answer 4

Inferential Statistics

Question 5

all members of a specified group

Answer 5

Population

Question 6

subset of a population

Answer 6

Sample

Question 7

measure of a characteristic of a population

Answer 7

Parameter

Question 8

value of a characteristic that
remains the same from person to person,
from time to time or from place to place

Answer 8

Constant

Question 9

characteristics takes on different
values

Answer 9

Variable

Question 10

descriptions or labels to distinguish
one group from another

Answer 10

Qualitative

Question 11

can be measured and ordered
according to quantity or amount and expressed
numerically

Answer 11

Quantitative

Question 12

can assume a finite or countable
number of values.

Answer 12

Discrete

Question 13

can assume an infinity or other
possible values

Answer 13

Continuous

Question 14

– Simply used as names or identifiers of a category
– Always qualitative
– Does not represent any amount or quantity

Answer 14

Nominal

Question 15

– Represents an ordered series of relationships
– May be qualitative or quantitative

Answer 15

Ordinal

Question 16

– Does not have a true-zero value starting point
– Always quantitative
- Has meaning

Answer 16

Interval

Question 17

– Modified interval level which includes zero as a
starting point
– Always quantitative
- Has no meaning

Answer 17

Ratio

Question 18

Systematic procedure to ensure that the
information/data gathered are complete,
consistent and suitable for analysis.

Answer 18

Data Processing

Question 19

Biostatistics Flowchart

Answer 19

• Data collection
• Data Processing ( Coding, Encoding, Editing)
• Analysis
  -Interpretation

Question 20

Conversion of verbal/written information into
numbers which can be more easily encoded,
counted and tabulated.

Answer 20

Data Coding

Question 21

actual value or information given
by the respondent

Answer 21

Field Code

Question 22

recorded as range of values
rather than actual values

Answer 22

Bracket Code

Question 23

codes are assigned to a list of
categories of a given variable

Answer 23

Factual Code

Question 24

applicable for questions with
multiple responses

Answer 24

Pattern Code

Question 25

document which contains a record of all
codes assigned to the responses to all
questions in the data collection forms

Answer 25

Coding Manual

Question 25

Minimum information that must be included
in a coding manual

Answer 25

– Variable name
– Variable description
– Coding instructions

Question 26

Inspection and correction of any errors or
inconsistencies in the information collected

Answer 26

Data Editing

Question 27

Entering the data/responses in a spreadsheet

Answer 27

Data Encoding

Question 28

Reviewing the accomplished data collection forms
Decoding of abbreviations or special symbols
Making callbacks/messages for verification/clarification
of incomplete answers

Answer 28

Field Editing

Question 29

Checking of inconsistencies and incorrect entries after
receiving the questionnaire from the field
Checking of encoded data

Answer 29

Central Editing