Nature and Elements of Communication Flashcards
To understand the nature and elements of oral com in context
Definition of Communication
Imparting/Exchanging info through sending/receiving of it
Definition of communication models
conceptual models used to explain human communication process.
first major model for communication was developed in 1948 by Claude Elwood Shannon and published with an introduction by Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories.
Shannon and Weaver’s model of communication
In 1960, David Berlo expanded the linear transmission model:
-simple application for person-to-person communication, which includes communication source, encoder, message, channel, decoder, and communication receiver
Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) Model of Communication
David Berlo presented some factors that influence the communication process between two people:
- communication skills,
- awareness level,
- social system,
- cultural system,
- attitude
Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions:
- Message (what type of things are communicated),
- source / emissor / sender / encoder (by whom),
- form (in which form),
- channel (through which medium),
- destination / receiver / target / decoder (to whom)
- Receiver
He indicated that we should also examine the impact that a message has (both desired and undesired) on the target of the message.
Wilbur Schramm
Communication, as processes of information transmission, is governed by three levels of semiotic rules:
- Syntactic (formal properties of signs and symbols),
- Pragmatic (concerned with the relations between -signs/expressions and their users) and
- Semantic (the study of relationships between signs and symbols and what they represent).
According to Schramm, communication is:
social interaction where at least two interacting agents share a common set of signs and a common set of semiotic rules
Barnlund (1970) proposed a transactional model of communication, its basic premise is:
individuals are simultaneously engaging in the sending and receiving of messages
a model in which sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally
constitutive model or constructionist view
Communication is viewed as a conduit
a passage in which information travels from one individual to another and this information becomes separate from the communication itself. A particular instance of communication is called a speech act.
interference with effective transmission and reception of a message.
Noise
the initiator and encoder of a message
Sender
the one that receives the message (the listener) and the decoder of a message
Receiver
translates the sender’s spoken idea/message into something the receiver understands by using their knowledge of language from personal experience.
Decode
puts the idea into spoken language while putting their own meaning into the word/message.
Encode
the medium through which the message travels such as through oral communication (radio, television, phone, in person) or written communication (letters, email, text messages)
Channel
the receiver’s verbal and nonverbal responses to a message such as a nod for understanding (nonverbal), a raised eyebrow for being confused (nonverbal), or asking a question to clarify the message (verbal).
Feedback
the verbal and nonverbal components of language that is sent to the receiver by the sender which conveys an idea.
Message
“Language is the source of meaning”
Meaning arises out of the social interaction people have with each other.
- one-way model to communicate with others.
- consists of the sender encoding a message and channeling it to the receiver in the presence of noise
- in this model there is no feedback or response which may allow for a continuous exchange of information
Linear model (Shannon & Weaver)
- two linear models stacked on top of each other.
- The sender channels a message to the receiver and the receiver then becomes the sender and channels a message to the original sender.
- This model has added feedback, indicating that communication is not a one way but a two way process. -It also has “field of experience” which includes our cultural background, ethnicity geographic location, extent of travel, and general personal experiences accumulated over the course of your lifetime
Interactive/convergence
Many communications online use this model, send an email, post a blog, or share something on social media
Linear model
Instant messaging uses this model. The sender sends an IM to the receiver, then the original sender has to wait for the IM from the original receiver to react. Or a question/answer session where you just ask a question then you get an answer.
Interactive/convergence
