Natural Selection and Genotype & Phenotype Evolution

Question 1

Define “adaptation”

Answer 1

Characteristics that enhance survival or reproduction relative to alternative characteristics
Example = Aye Aye - Long, thin, rotating digit, ever growing teeth and large ears that can listen inside trees

Question 2

Define “fitness”

Answer 2

The average number of offspring that survive to reproductive age

Question 3

Give an equation to calculate fitness

Answer 3

Average fecundity x average survivorship

Question 4

Define “selection”

Answer 4

The non-random survival and reproduction on phenotypes

Question 5

Give an equation to calculate population average fitness

Answer 5

p2(WAA) + 2pq(WAa) + q2(Waa) = w (with a line on top)

Question 6

What is ∆P and how do you calculate it?

Answer 6

The change in allele frequency between generations

P’-P

Question 7

Define “haplotype”

Answer 7

Pattern/association of alleles on chromosomes

Question 8

Define “haplogroup”

Answer 8

Group of related but not identical sequences

Question 9

Define “linkage disequilibrium”

Answer 9

Correlation between polymorphisms

Question 10

Environment + genotype = ?

Answer 10

Phenotype