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Biology > Natural Selection And Genetic Modification > Flashcards

Natural Selection And Genetic Modification Flashcards

1
Q

Why did people start thinking humans were animals?

A

Carl Linnaeus published his system of classification and suggested that humans were related to monkeys

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2
Q

What was Carl Linnaeus’ system of classification?

A

Binomial system

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3
Q

What is evolution?

A

A gradual change in the characteristics of a species over time

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4
Q

Why do fossils not show smooth changes over time?

A

Some have not been discovered

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5
Q

Features of the Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardi)

A
  • 1.2m tall
  • legs shoe it may have been able to walk upright
  • long arms & long big toe that would have allowed it to climb trees
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6
Q

Features of the Australopithecus afaerensis (Lucy)

A
  • 1.07m tall
  • could probably walk upright
  • toe bones arranged in same way as modern humans but they were more curved
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7
Q

Features of homo habilis

A
  • short
  • long arms
  • walked upright
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8
Q

Features of homo erectus

A
  • tall (1.79m)

- strongly built

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9
Q

What is the earliest scientists can see human-like animals using stone tools?

A

3.3 million years ago

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10
Q

How do scientists know how old the tool is?

A

They can work out the ages of the layers of rock and assume the tool is the same age as that layer of rock

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11
Q

What would the oldest stone tools be used for?

A

Simple, but would have helped with skinning an animal or cutting up meat

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12
Q

Who came up with evolution?

A

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

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13
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

The characteristics of individuals vary (due to differences in genes)

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14
Q

What is environmental change?

A

Conditions change in an area change

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15
Q

What is natural selection?

A

By chance, the variations of some individuals make them better at coping with the change than others, and more likely to survive

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16
Q

What is inheritance?

A

The survivors breed and pass on their variations to their offspring. So the next generation contains more individuals with the ‘better adapted variations’

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17
Q

What are the stages of evolution?

A
  • genetic variation
  • environmental change
  • natural selection
  • inheritance
  • evolution
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18
Q

What is a pentadactal limb?

A

A limb that has 5 digits (fingers and thumbs)

19
Q

Give examples of some animals that have the pentadactal limb

A
  • human
  • bat
  • chicken
  • turtle
  • dolphin
20
Q

What do the pentadactal limb similarities suggest?

A

Evolution from a common ancestor

21
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A
  • animals
  • plants
  • fungi
  • protists
  • prokaryotes
22
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A
  • archaea
  • bacteria
  • eukarya
23
Q

What are the main characteristics of animals?

A
  • multicellular (with cells arranged as tissues and organs)
  • no cell walls
  • cells have nuclei
24
Q

What are the main characteristics of plants?

A
  • multicellular (with cells arranged as tissues and organs)
  • chloroplasts
  • cells have nuclei
  • cellulose cell walls
25
Q

What are the main characteristics of fungi?

A
  • multicellular (apart from yeast)
  • live on or on the dead matter they feed off
  • cells have nuclei
  • cells walls contain chitin (not cellulose)
26
Q

What are features of protists?

A
  • mostly unicellular
  • cells have nuclei
  • some have cell walls (made of different substances not chitin)
27
Q

Features of prokaryotes

A
  • unicellular
  • cells do not have nuclei
  • flexible cell walls
28
Q

What are the features of archea?

A
  • cells with no nucleus

- genes contain unused sections of DNA

29
Q

What are the features of bacteria?

A
  • cells with no nucleus

- no unused sections in genes

30
Q

Features of eukarya

A
  • cells with a nucleus

- unused sections in genes

31
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

When humans choose certain organisms because they have useful characteristics, such as sheep with thick wool

32
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

When humans choose an organism that has a certain characteristic and breed to have more of these organisms, making that chosen characteristic more and more obvious

33
Q

What are plants and animals often selectively bred for?

A
  • disease resistance
  • yield (how much useful product they make)
  • coping with certain environmental conditions
  • fast growth
  • flavour
34
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Altering the genome of an organism, usually by adding genes from another species (also known as genetic modification)

35
Q

What is tissue culture?

A

The growing of cells or tissues in a liquid containing nutrients or on a solid medium

36
Q

What is a callus?

A

A clump of undifferentiated cells

37
Q

What is tissue culture used for?

A
  • To produce new plants if very rare species which are at a risk of extinction
  • to produce more individuals of plant species that may be difficult to grow from seed
  • produce clones of GM plants
38
Q

What are uses of tissue cultures in medicine?

A
  • to study viruses
  • to study how cells communicate with each other
  • cultures of cancers used to study cancer
39
Q

What are the risks of selective breeding?

A
  • only certain alleles are selected, others become rare or disappear
  • all organisms are very similar so if there is a change in conditions (e.g a new disease)affects one organism all the others are affected
40
Q

What are the issues with genetic engineering?

A
  • seeds are expensive
  • there’s genes may have unknown consequences in wild plants
  • not all people can use the insulin from GM bacteria
41
Q

What are insecticides?

A

A substance used to kill pests

42
Q

What is an advantage of GM bt toxin?

A
  • It only affects insects that chew the plants tissues

- insect predators unharmed

43
Q

Problems with crop plants that make their own insecticide?

A

-insects can develop resistance to toxin

44
Q

What is a biological control?

A

Using organisms to control pests

Biology (5 decks)

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