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Biology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are runners?

A

A type of asexual reproduction. There is no variation between plants and genetically identical. A plant that uses this type of reproduction is a strawberry or clover plant.

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2
Q

What is a succulent?

A

A type of asexual reproduction. There is no variation in the plants and they are genetically identical. A plant that uses this type of reproduction is a kalanchoe ( Mexican hat plant)

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3
Q

What is a tuber.

A

A type of asexual reproduction no variation between plants and they are genetically identical. Potatoes use this type of asexual reproduction.

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4
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Characteristics from both the parents, variation means there is a greater chance of survival in the new conditions and reproduction.

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5
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

Much faster, help them spread quickly, no need to find a mate, if the conditions are favourable then many identical offspring can be produced to capitalise on the available resources.

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6
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction.

A

Slower, needs a mate, fertilisation male and female gamete, dispersed, fertilisation.

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7
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

If the thing is dying from a disease, because the offspring are genetically identical they will also have the disease, favourable conditions decline rapidly, loss of genetic diversity.

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8
Q

Meiosis produces:

A
  • 4 genetically different sex cells
  • allowing variation to occur between individuals of same species
  • 2 haploid cells fusing at fertilisation to restore the diploid number
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9
Q

What type of cell is meiosis for?

A

Gametes

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10
Q

What type of cell is mitosis for?

A

Somatic cells

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11
Q

In meiosis why do the DNA chromosomes look x-shaped?

A

Because the DNA has been replicated and the copies stay stuck to one another.

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12
Q

Where is DNA located in the cell?

A

In a nucleus and is formed into chromosomes.

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13
Q

What are genes and where are they found?

A

Genes are the code for producing proteins, are located on the chromosomes.

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14
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

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15
Q

How many DNA nucleotides are there?

A

4

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16
Q

What are the 4 nucleotides called?

A
  • guanine (G)
  • thymine (T)
  • adenine (A)
  • cytosine (C)
17
Q

What are adenine and guanine called?

A

Purines

18
Q

What are thymine and cytosine called?

A

Pyrimidines

19
Q

What is cytosines complimentary nucleotide?

A

Guanine

20
Q

What is guanines complementary nucleotide?

A

Cytosine

21
Q

What is adenines complementary nucleotide?

A

Thymine

22
Q

What is thymine complementary nucleotide?

A

Adenine

23
Q

How many hydrogen bonds in cytosine and guanine?

A

3 hydrogen bonds

24
Q

How many hydrogen bonds in Adenine and thymine?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

25
Q

What type of bonds are between the complementary base pairings?

A

Hydrogen bonds

26
Q

The 2 DNA strands to form a?

A

Double-stranded helix

27
Q

What nucleotides does the DNA code have?

A

C,G,A and T

28
Q

What is the DNA code written in?

A

Blocks of 3 called triplets

29
Q

In the DNA code what does the sequence of nucleotide bases decide?

A

The sequence of amino acids

30
Q

What is DNA transcribed (copied) into?

A

mRNA in the nucleus

31
Q

What is mRNA?

A

Is a complimentary single-strand of nucleotides

32
Q

Where does mRNA move from and where does it go?

A

mRNA moves from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

33
Q

In mRNA what does the thymine change to?

A

Uracil

34
Q

When is mRNA translated?

A

When is attaches onto a ribosome in the cytoplasm

35
Q

What is the codon in tRNA complementary to?

A

It is complementary to a anti-codon. The tRNA has an amino acid attached to it.

36
Q

What does tRNA stand for?

A

Transfer ribose nucleus acid

37
Q

What does mRNA match-up with in the presence of a ribosome?

A

tRNA and the amino acids link up to form a polypeptide chain. The beginnings of a protein.

Biology (5 decks)

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