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Biology > Cells & Control > Flashcards

Cells & Control Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A
  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
  • cytokinesis
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2
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

The nucleus starts to break down and spindle fibres appear

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3
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes are lined up in the spindle fibres across the middle of the cell

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4
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

The chromosome copies are so erased and mover to either end of the cell on the spindle fibres

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5
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

A membrane from around each set of chromosomes to form nuclei

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6
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

A cell surface membrane forms to separate cells

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7
Q

What is growth?

A

An increase in size

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8
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process that changes less specialised cells into more specialised ones

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9
Q

How has the red blood cell adapted to its function?

A

Has no nucleus allowing more space for red haemoglobin molecules. It also has a large surface area, which allows oxygen to diffuse more quickly

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10
Q

What are a muscle cells adaptations?

A

Contain special contractile proteins that can shorten the cell

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11
Q

What is the adaptation of a fat cell?

A

The cytoplasm of the cell is filled with large fat droplets, the fat is stored until the body needs energy

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12
Q

What adaptations do nerve cells (neurones) have?

A

Long fibre that carries electrical impulses around the body and connections to other neurones

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13
Q

What is a meristem?

A

A group of cells near the end of each shoot and root allows plants to continue growing throughout their lives

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14
Q

How do meristem cells divide?

A

Mitosis

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15
Q

What is the formula for percentage change?

A

Final value - starting value
—————————————- X 100
Starting value

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16
Q

What different ways can you measure growth in plants?

A
  • height
  • leaf surface area
  • mass
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17
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells that can divide repeatedly over a long period of time to produce cells that then differentiate

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18
Q

Where are stem cells found in a plant?

A

The meristem

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19
Q

What problems are there with using stem cells?

A
  • If stem cells continue to divide inside the body after they have replaced damaged cells, they can cause cancer
  • the stem cells of one person are killed by the immune system of the person they are out into (rejection)
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20
Q

How much if the brain does the cerebral cortex make up?

A

80% of the brain

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21
Q

What is the cerebral cortex divided into?

A

The cerebral hemispheres (the right and left hemisphere)

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22
Q

What is the cerebral cortex used for?

A

Our senses, language, memory, behaviour and consciousness

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23
Q

What is the cerebellum divided into?

A

Two halves

24
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

Balance and posture, it also coordinate the timing and fine control of muscle activity

25
Q

What does the medulla oblongata control?

A

Your heart rate and your breathing rate, reflexes such as vomiting sneezing and swallowing

26
Q

What does a CT scan show?

A

The shapes of structures in the brain

27
Q

How does a CT scan work?

A

X-ray beam moves in circle around the head, and detectors measure its absorption of the x rays. A computer uses this information to build up a view of the inside of the body as a series of ‘slices’

28
Q

What does a PET scan show?

A

Brain activity

29
Q

How does a PET scan work?

A

A patient is injected with radioactive glucose . More active cells take in more glucose than less active ones. The radioactive atoms cause gamma rays, which the scanner detects. More gamma rays coming from parts containing more active cells

30
Q

How can you get rid of tumours?

A

Cutting them out or they can be killed by using radiotherapy and chemotherapy

31
Q

What forms the central nervous system?

A

Spinal cord and the brain

32
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in factor (inside or outside the body) that is detected by receptors

33
Q

What is a stimulus detected by?

A

Receptor cells

34
Q

What are neurotransmission?

A

The travelling, or transmission, of impulses

35
Q

Where are receptor cells found in the eye?

A

The retina

36
Q

What are cones?

A

Receptor cells that are sensitive to the colour of light. Consensus generate impulses in sensory neutrons, which lead into the brain through the optic nerve

37
Q

What are rods?

A

Receptor cells that detect differences in light intensity

38
Q

What is the pupil?

A

The dark area in the middle of the eye, where light enters

39
Q

What controls the amount of light entering the eye?

A

The iris

40
Q

What is focusing in the eye done by?

A

The cornea

41
Q

What does the lens do?

A

Fine-tines the focusing

42
Q

What do the ciliary muscles do?

A

Make the lens fatter to focus light from fear objects and thinner to focus light from distant objects

43
Q

Reasons for shortsightedness

A
  • eyeball is too long

- cornea is too curved

44
Q

Causes for long-sightedness

A
  • eyeball is too short

- cornea isn’t curved enough

45
Q

What is a cataract?

A

Protein building up inside the lens and makes it cloudy

46
Q

How can you fix a cataract?

A

Replacing the clouded lens with a plastic one

47
Q

Why are some people colourblind?

A

Some cones do not work properly so they have difficulty seeing colours

48
Q

What do motor neurone do?

A

Carry impulses to effectors

49
Q

What do relay neutrons do?

A

Short neutrons found in the spinal cord, where they link the motor abs sensory neurones

50
Q

Where do 2 neurones meet?

A

A synapse

51
Q

What happens when an impulse meets an axon terminal?

A

A neurotransmitter substance is released into the gap which is detected by the next neurone

52
Q

What do synapses do?

A

Slow down neurotransmission. They are, however, useful because they allow many fresh impulses to be generated in many neurones connected to one neurone-original impulse does not need to be split and loose ‘strength’

53
Q

Are reflex reactions automatic?

A

Yes

54
Q

What neurones pathways do reflex reactions use?

A

Reflex arc

55
Q

Why are reflex actions quicker?

A

They use neurone pathways called reflex arcs, which bypass the parts of the brain involved in processing

Biology (5 decks)

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