Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Natural Selection and Evolution > Flashcards

Natural Selection and Evolution Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is evolution?

A

A gradual change in the characteristics of a species over time from one generation to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What can fossils show?

A

How different places cause certain organisms to adapt differently
And how species have adapted over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does VOSSAR (the factors leading to natural selection) stand for?

A 
V - variation 
O - overproduction 
S - selection pressure (light,space,food,disease resistance)
S - survival of the fittest 
A - adapted
R - reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How can variation lead to an organism evolving?

A

Because some organisms can out compete others as they are better suited to the environment and are more likely to survive. This means they are more likely to pass on their advantageous alleles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is bacteria resistance proof of and What is stage 1 of bacterial resistance?

A

Bacterial resistant is proof of evolution

- In a population some bacteria are more resistant to other antibiotics then others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is stage 2 of bacterial resistance?

A

-bacteria not killed by antibiotics are more likely to reproduce and spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is stage 3 of bacterial resistance?

A
  • The resistant bacteria can then no loner be treated by anti-bodies as super bacteria is produced.
  • this provides evidence that volition makes the bacteria better adapted to the environment (selection pressure)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In the bi-nominal name which is the genus and which is the species?

A

E.g. Homo Saipan
Home - capital letter - Genus
Saipan - lower case - species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What subsections are the 5 kingdoms divided into ?

A

Based of common features

-kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The process involving the modification of an organism’s genome to introduce desirable characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why do people genetically engineer insulin?

A
  • bacteria can be genetically engineered to produce useful substances such as insulin
  • bacteria - cheaper and suitable for those in religion or are vegan
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is stage 1 of how to genetically engineer insulin?

A

Restriction enzymes are used to cut the insulin gene out of the chromosome leaving sticky ends.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is stage 2 of how to genetically engineer insulin?

A

Plasmids are then removed from bacterial cells and cut open with the same restriction enzymes leaving complimentary sticky ends.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is stage 3 of how to genetically engineer insulin?

A

a human insulin gene is inserted into each plasmid. Ligase (an enzyme) is used to pair the sticky ends together and create recombinant DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is stage 4 of how to genetically engineer insulin?

A

bacteria with the insulin gene are then multiplied as each bacterium will produce a tiny volume of insulin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a vector?

A

Something that transports DNA from one organism to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is natural selection?

A

When some individuals (by chance) inherent characteristics that allow then to survive better in certain areas then others. They then pass these on to their offspring so the characteristic becomes more common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

The mating of two organisms that humans artificially select in the attempt to produce offspring with a desirable characteristic or elimination of a trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some selective breeding risks?

A
  • if there is a change in condition of disease that affects that one organism, all of the others are now also affected as it decreases the gene pool
  • inheriting genetic disorders is more common as the gene pool is smaller
  • inbreeding can cause later health problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How have herbicide resistance plants been genetically engineered?

A

Scientists have added genes to some plants to make them herbicide resistant. This can reduce the amount of crop spraying needed (1 heavy spray can be done instead of several light ones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some problems with herbicide resistant plants that have been genetically engineered?

A
  • If the herbicide resistant crops cross-breed with wild plants, weeds could develop herbicide resistance
  • Potential for loss of biodiversity as fewer weeds survive - loss of food and shelter for animals.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why might you genetically modify agriculture?

A
  • herbicide resistance
  • pesticide resistance
  • increase yield
  • faster growth
  • increase nutrition
  • Disease resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What can BT toxins be used for?

A

Sprayed onto plants or incorporated into their genome so when a pest eats it their gut is disturbed-it is specific to them
For humans and other animals this BT toxin has dried up and so is not harmful

24
Q

What are some advantages if BT toxins?

A
  • don’t have to keep spraying small amounts
  • means it is targeted to certain insects who eat the plant not all it lands on
  • in the long term is cheaper
25
Q

What are some disadvantages of BT toxins?

A
  • uncontrollable
  • expensive initially
  • the insect may become resistant to pesticides overtime
  • aphids aren’t affected as they suck the sap rather then eat it
  • farmers may still have to spray crops to control other pests
  • plants with BT toxin on or in have more aphids on as there is less competition
26
Q

What is stage 1 of plant tissue culturing?

A

Take a tiny piece of plant tissue from a rapidly growing area.

27
Q

What is stage 2 of plant tissue culturing?

A

Prepare a solid medium containing sugars, nutrients and growth hormones

28
Q

What is stage 3 of plant tissue culturing?

A

Place the tiny piece of tissue in a sterile solid medium

29
Q

What is stage 4 of plant tissue culturing?

A

Store in a warm place in bright light to encourage cell division, growth and differentiation

30
Q

What is stage 1 of animal tissue culturing?

A

Separate the cells in a small piece of tissue by mashing or using enzymes

31
Q

What is stage 2 of animal tissue culturing?

A

Prepare a solid or liquid growth medium containing sugars and nutrients

32
Q

What is stage 3 of animal tissue culturing?

A

Pour a thing layer of cells onto a sterile solid medium, or suspend the cells in a sterile liquid medium

33
Q

What is stage 4 of animal tissue culturing?

A

Store the cells in a warm place to encourage cell division and growth

34
Q

What are some advantages of tissue culturing?

A
  • studies of viruses as they can’t replicate outside of cells
  • investigate how cells respond to new medicines without risking harm to to animals or humans
  • produce individuals from species that do not grow well from seed (orchids) or endangered species
  • can grow cells without risk of disease as viruses can’t replicate outside of cell and medium can be kept sterile
35
Q

What did the 4.4 million year old Ardi show as evidence of evolution?

A
  • structure of her feet suggested she climbed trees and has an ape like big toe to grasp branches
  • she had long arms and short legs (ape like)
  • brains size was same size as a chimps
  • leg structure suggested she walked upright using her hands to help
36
Q

What did the 3.2 million year old Lucy show?

A
  • arched feet more adapted to walking than climbing and no ape like big toe and leg bone suggested she moved upright
  • size of arms and legs was between expected ape and human side
  • Brian capacity was larger than ardi’s
37
Q

What did leakey’s disvoery of 1.6 million year old fossils do?

A
  • Turkana boy had a mixture of human and ape features but more human that Lucy
  • Larger Brain size similar to that of humans and longer legs/shorter arms
  • structure of feet suggested adaptation to walking
38
Q

What is a pentadactyl limb?

A

A limb with 5 digits
This can be seen in many different species as they have similar bone structure but different functions so shows that species with a pentadactyl limb have evolved from a common ancestor and bones are designed independently
Over millions of years natural selection has caused bones in the pentadactyl limb to fuse together and change shape but the basic similarities are there.

39
Q

Name four kingdoms in the Eukarya domain?

A

Plants, animals, protoctists, fungi

40
Q

How is the DNA sequencing techniques used to determine relationships between organism?

A

DNA sequences in the same gene of different organisms are monitored and the more closely linked DNA sequence, the more related the species.

41
Q

What is one disadvantage and one advantage of biological controls?

A

D- new organisms can cause or problems

A- less harmful to the environment as less chemicals

42
Q

What is the bacteria domain?

A

no nucleus with all genes used for something- contains true bacteria

43
Q

What is the eukarya domain?

A

nucleus with some unseen DNA present

This contains a broad range of organisms including plants, fungi, animals and protists

44
Q

What is the archaea domain?

A

No nucleus and unused DNA present

-these organisms look similar to bacteria but there RNA and DNA sequences shoe they are quite different

45
Q

What was a stone tool used for and what is stratigraphy used for in regards of this?

A
  • hunting
  • making more complex stone tools
  • to make dealings and practical thinks like fires
  • used to study rock layers of which older rocks are found beneath younger rocks so tools in deeper layers are usually older
46
Q

How has evidence of stone tools evolving supported the idea that the brains of early human like animals became bigger?

A

Over time the shape of the stone tool has become more complete and complex(made of float with pointed arrow heads) showing the brain had a larger capacity to work out better techniques and develop these tools

47
Q

Why is selective breeding useful and important?

A
  • genetic variation may mean organisms that others which may increase yield for example which is profitable
  • in medical research it allows scientists to monitor different behaviour and ways that organisms brain works
48
Q

What is the timeline of evidence to show human evolution?

A

Ardipithecus species
Austalopithecus species
Homo species

49
Q

What did Darwin and Wallace do?

A

Came up with the theory of evolution by natural selection (VOSSAR)

  • both travelled round the world and noticed variation within members of the same species and that those with beneficial characteristics were more likely to survive
  • noticed that these characteristics could be passed onto offspring
  • Darwin wrote the origin of species acknowledging the work of Wallace and explaining his theories
50
Q

What are prokaryotes and protists?

A
  • prokaryotes are all single cells organism without a nucleus
  • protists are eukaryotic single celled organisms (algae)
51
Q

Why was the 5 kingdom classification system used?

A

As organisms were traditionally classified according to similarities and difference in their observable characteristics and as this evolved through a micro spice as well.

52
Q

How have Darwin and Wallace influenced modern biology?

A
  • classification based of organisms common ancestor and how closely they are related
  • understanding the importance of antibiotic resistance and how to prevent it
  • conservatism projects as understand the importance of genetic diversity to adapt to changing environments
53
Q

What are the advantages of genetic engineering?

A
  • increase crop yield providing food for a growing population
  • inset resistance (e.g. BT toxins which kills pests but isn’t harmful for humans animals and other insects)
  • plants can grow better in poor conditions like drought
  • can combat deficiency diseases like golden rice provides vitaminA
  • Herbicide resistance
54
Q

Why do we now use the three domains?

A

Due to improving technology meaning we now use genetic analysis to determine the sequence of DNA based to compare how similar organism are

54
Q

What are the benefits of selective breeding?

A
  • increase crop/meat yield and quality. Thy can also have disease resistance
  • medical research (e.g. reasons behind alcoholism by breeding rats with a strong or weak preference to alcohol)
54
Q

What are the disadvantages of genetic engineering?

A
  • may have unforeseen bad effects on the wild
  • may reproduce with wild plants passing on resistance so GM may become ineffective
  • some believe eating GM foods could have bad health impacts
  • biological controls have long lasting effects and less hateful impacts
  • people still can’t afford food so poverty must be tackled first
  • sometimes poor soil is the main reason for failed crops
55
Q

What are the pros and cons of genetically engineering bacteria?

A
  • cheap, quicker, needs less space than pigs

- detrimental effects upon environment, could be less effective

Biology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions