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Biology 10 > Natural selection > Flashcards

Natural selection Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the struggle for survival?

A

when more animals are born than will survive to reproduce (natural selection)

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2
Q

What is Darwin’s theory of evolution?

A

organisms best adapted to conditions will survive (survival of the fittest)

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3
Q

What happened when Darwin proposed his theory?

A

The public was outraged and did not believe him.

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4
Q

What are the steps (acronym) for natural selection?

A

Variation, Inheritance, Selection, Time, Adaptation (VISTA)

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5
Q

What does variation refer to?

A

a variation must exist in populations of single species

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6
Q

What does inheritance refer to in natural selection?

A

there is a variation due to genes inherited by parents

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7
Q

What does selection refer to in VISTA?

A

only the ‘fittest’ organisms possess characteristics which allow them to survive.
- these characteristics are passed onto offspring via genes

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8
Q

What does ‘survival of the fittest’ mean?

A

Organisms which adapt to changing environment survive, and are deemed ‘fit’, and those which do not adapt become extinct.

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9
Q

What happens in artificial selection?

A

Humans speed up what happens in nature, humans select desirable traits.

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10
Q

Who proposed speciation?

A

Charles Darwin

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11
Q

What is speciation?

A

Species living in different conditions evolve in different directions. Over generations, populations vary and eventually a new species develops.

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12
Q

How does natural selection apply in geographical regions?

A

Naturals selection is based on environmental conditions.

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13
Q

When does speciation usually occur?

A

same species, different location, different pressures = new species
- generally occurs when populations are isolated.

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14
Q

What are the evidences of evolution?

A

The fossil record, DNA hybridisation, comparing anatomy.

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15
Q

What is the fossil record?

A

fossils which depict the timeline of evolution. Evolutionary changes can be observed in fossils.

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16
Q

How do fossils form?

A

found in sedimentary rock when seas and lakes lay layers of sedimentary rick over millions of years. Occurs when not decomposed and conditions are right. Rock presses down and creates a mould, mould is filled and creates fossil.

17
Q

Where are the oldest fossils found?

A

In the lowest layers, younger fossils found in upper layers.

18
Q

How complex will organisms be on lower levels?

A

Simple organisms on lower levels, more complex on higher levels.

19
Q

How can fossil record be used to find a common ancestor?

A

If a new species evolves from ancestral species, fossil records could contain organism that have same features of both modern + ancestors.

20
Q

What is DNA hybridisation?

A

DNA is heated and separated, single strands are placed next to each other and bonded. If strands are similar, high amount of bonding will occur.

21
Q

What does homoduplex mean?

A

both strands from the same DNA

22
Q

What does heteroduplex mean?

A

DNA strands from different species.

23
Q

When does pairing take place in DNA hybridisation?

A

when complementary bases are found.

24
Q

When did mammals first appear?

A

~200mybp, evolved from reptile ancestors

25
Q

what would you see in mammals related by evolution?

A

expected to see similar structures regardless of way of life

26
Q

What is an example of anatomical similarities in mammals?

A

forelimb of all mammals very similar in number and structure of bones present.

27
Q

what is an example of a homoogous structure?

A

the Pentadactyl limb

28
Q

What is a homologous structure?

A

structure that is similar in closely related organisms, changed slightly due to different selection pressures in different environments.

29
Q

What is an analogous structure?

A

arise in unrelated organisms due to action of different selection pressures.

30
Q

Analogous structures illustrate concept of convergent evolution. What is convergent evolution?

A

an unrelated group of organisms develop similar characteristics. e,g insect wing and bird wing.

31
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

organisms develop structural differences over time, speciation occurs due to different selection pressures.

Biology 10 (8 decks)

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