Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NAPLEX > Natural Medicine > Flashcards

Natural Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

Dietary Supplements:
1. Dietary supplements are regulated by ______________ which requires manufacturers to ensure the products are _______, but NOT _________ like prescription drugs.

  1. Adverse events from supplements can be reported to _____________. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has a Dietary Supplements Label Database and information can also be found in ____________ and _____________.
A
  1. Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA); safe; effective
  2. FDA’s Safety Reporting Portal; general drug references; Natural Medicines Database
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What claims can supplements NOT make on their label?

A

Labeling cannot claim to treat, cure, or mitigate a condition (ex. “melatonin treats insomnia” vs. “melatonin can aid with sleep”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are concerns associated with St. John’s Wort (SJW)?

A
  1. Several DDIs - induces CYP3A4, 2C19, 2C9, 1A2, and P-gp decreasing the levels of other drugs; avoid use with other medications especially OCs, transplant drugs, and warfarin
  2. Serotonergic - do NOT use with MAOIs including linezolid; concurrent use with other serotonergic drugs can be dangerous
  3. Photosensitivity - sun protection and avoidance; increased risk w/ other drugs that increase photosensitivty (ex. diuretics, retinoids, quinolones, sulfamethoxazole, tetracyclines, tacrolimus)
  4. May lower the seizure threshold - caution w/ other drugs known to lower threshold (ex. bupropion, quinolones, tramadol, PCN, carbapenems)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Supplements with increased risk of bleeding

A

-The “5 G’s”: garlic, ginkgo, ginger, ginseng, glucosamine

-Fish oils (at higher doses)

-Vitamin E

-Dong quai

-Willow bark (a salicylate) - do NOT use with anticoagulants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Supplements with increased risk of hepatotoxicity

A

black cohosh, kava, chaparral, comfrey, green tea “extracts” may be a concern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Supplements with increased risk of cardiotoxicity

A

-Ephedra: removed from market and was replaced by bitter orange –> both stimulants that can increase BP and HR (there have been reports of MI, stroke, and arrhythmias)

-DMAA (dimethylamylamine): amphetamine derivative often used in body-building or performance-enhancement products –> can increase BP and HR

-Licorice: contains glycyrrhizin that when taken in excess can lower potassium and increase BP –> artifically flavored licorice products do NOT contain glycyrrhizin

-Yohimbe: can raise BP and HR and increase risk for seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pros and Cons of Caffeine
-What is caffeine found in?

A

Caffeine found in: black tea, green tea, cocoa (including chocolate), yerba mate, guarana, kombucha (fermented tea)

Pros:
-Increases alertness
-Can help with weight management
-Can treat headaches
-Green tea, in reasonable amounts, can lower LDL and triglycerides

Cons: when taken in usual doses, typically NOT harmful
-In excessive doses, can raise BP and HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: Anxiety

A

Valerian, passionflower, kava, St. John’s Wort, chamomile, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: Depression

A

St. John’s Wort, SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine), 5-HTP, valerian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: Cold sores (aphthous ulcers/canker sores)

A

L-lysine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: Colds and flus

A

Echinacea, zinc, vitamin C (ascorbic acid), eucalyptus oil (for nasal congestion/allergies), probiotics (Bifildobacterium animalis, Lactobacillus acidophilus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: Dementia/memory

A

Ginkgo, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), vitamin D, acetyl-L-caitine, vinpocetine (for memory, neuroprotection, weight loss)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: Diabetes

A

Alpha lipoic acid (for diabetic neuropathy, memory, neuroprotection), chromium, cassia cinnamon, magnesium, American ginseng, Panax ginseng

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: Dyslipidemia

A

Red yeast rice (contains a natural form of lovastatin), omega-3 fatty acids (“fish oils”), garlic (controversal benefit: small decrease in TG and LDL), plant sterol (beta-sitosterol), fiber (barley, psyllium, oat bran), artichoke extract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: Hypertension

A

Omega-3 fatty acids, garlic (controversal benefit: small decrease in BP), fibery (barley, psyllium, oat bran), potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: Heart failure, heart health (general)

A

Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone - used as adjunctive w/ HF meds), hawthorn, omega-3 fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: Energy/weight loss

A

Bitter organ (synephrine component), caffeine, guarana (contains caffeine), green tea power (contains caffeine), garcinia cambogia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: Dyspepsia

A

Calcium, magnesium, peppermint, chamomile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: Erectile dysfunction

A

ginseng, L-arginine, yohimbe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: GI health

A

fiber (barley, psyllium, oat bran - for diarrhea/constipation), chamomile, probiotics (Lactobacillius, Saccharomyces boulardii, Bifidobacterium infantis), ginger (for nausea), peppermint, horehound (for GI health, constipation), wheatgrass (for GI health, detoxification)

Know: fiber, chamomile, probiotics, ginger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: Inflammation

A

Omega-3 fatty acids, flax seeds/oil (converted to DHA and EPA), tumeric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: Insomnia/sleep

A

Melatonin (for sleep when taken Qhs and to help prevent jet lag: 0.5-2mg taken pre-fligh and higher doses such as 5mg post-flight) , valerian, chamomile, lemon balm, passionflower, 5-HTP, L-tryptophan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: Liver disease

A

Milk thistle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: Menopause

A

Black cohosh, dong quai, evening primrose oil (provides essential fatty acids gamma-lineoloic acid or GLA)

-Soy, red clover, Panax ginseng: contain mild phyto-(plant) estrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: Migraine prophylaxis

A

Feverfew, butterbur, magnesium, riboflavin (vitamin B2), conenzyme Q10, guarana (for caffeine) or other caffeine sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: Motion sickness

A

Ginger, peppermint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: Osteoarthritis

A

Glucosamine (best evidence w/ sulfate salts), chondroitin, SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine), tumeric (to reduce inflammation and pain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: Osteoporosis

A

Calcium, vitamin D, soy, ipriflavone

29
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: Prostate health

A

Saw palmetto, lycopene, pygeum, pumpkin seed (contains beta-sitosterol)

30
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: Skin conditions

A

Tea tree oil (for acne, dandruff, fungal infections), aloe vera (for lichen planus, psoriasis, HSV, burns), topical vitamin D (for psoriasis, seborrheic keratosis), vitamin A & D ointment (for diaper rash)

31
Q

List typical supplements you may see used for: UTI

A

Cranberry, yogurt, probiotics (Bifidobaceria, Lactobacillus)

32
Q

Safety concern for: 5-HTP

A

serotonergic - increased risk with other serotonergic drugs

33
Q

Safety concern for: Beta-carotene

A

increased risk of lung cancer (in smokers or asbestos exposure), increased CV mortality

34
Q

Safety concern for: Bitter orange (synephrine component)

A

Stimulant that can increase BP, HR, and arrhythmia risk

35
Q

Safety concern for: Black cohosh

A

May be hepatotoxic; do NOT use with medications for HF (ACEIs, ARBs, beta-blockers, amiodarone)

36
Q

Safety concern for: Chamomile

A

Allergic rxns (uncommon) due to possible allergenic cross-reactivity (avoid in pt w/ allergy to asters, echinacea, chrysanthemums, and ragweed)

37
Q

Safety concern for: Chondroitin

A

Bleed risk at higher doses, increased INR w/ warfarin

38
Q

Safety concern for: Echinacea

A

Controversal safety w/ autoimmune disorders; due to allerginic cross-reactivity, pts w/ allergics to artichoke, asters, chamomile, chrysantheumums, and ragweed should avoid

39
Q

Safety concern for: Feverfew

A

Mouth ulceration (inflammation of oral cavity/tongue), increasd bleeding with (w/ concurrent use of anticoagulants, antiplateltes, salicylates)

40
Q

Safety concern for: Fiber (barley, psyllium, oat bran)

A

GI effects (bloating, cramping, flatulence

41
Q

Safety concern for: Hawthorn

A

Positive inotrope, avoid concurrent use w/ digoxin (additive effect), decreasesd BP (caution for additive effects with other BP lowering drugs)

42
Q

Safety concern for: L-arginine

A

Converts into nitric oxide, decrasing BP and potentially causing dizziness (caution with toher drugs that lower BP, avoid concurrent use w/ nitrates)

43
Q

Safety concern for: Melatonin

A

When used chronically for sleep, endogenous melatonin can be decreased, resulting in dependency for sleep

44
Q

Safety concern for: Passionflower

A

QT prolongatoin (avoid with other QT-prolonging drugs)

45
Q

Safety concern for: Potassium

A

Levels should be measured in lab and dosed accordingly (NOT with OTC supplements)

46
Q

Safety concern for: Probiotics

A

Seperate from PO ABXs, safety concerns with use of live bacteria in immunocompromised states

47
Q

Safety concern for: Red yeast rice

A

CYP450 inhibitors (ex. amiodarone) will increase red yeast rice; red yeast rice can decreased coenzyme Q10 levels which may incresed myopathy risk (do NOT use with statins)

48
Q

Safety concern for: SAMe (S-adenosylmethionine)

A

Serotonergic (increased risk w/ other serotonergic drugs), can incresed bleeding risk, do NOT use in bipolar disorder due to increased risk of manic behavior

49
Q

Safety concern for: Soy, red clover, Panax ginseng

A

Contain mild phyto-(plant) estrogens; soy might increase breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women NOT producing estradiol

50
Q

Safety concern for: Valerian

A

Sedation, CNS depression (risk w/ concurrent CNS depressants)

51
Q

Safety concern for: Vitamin C

A

Nephrolithiasis at high doses, false-negative stool occult blood 48-72 hours after ascorbic acid ingestion

52
Q

Safety concern for: Yohimbe

A

increased BP, HR, and seizure risk

53
Q

Safety concern for: Zinc

A

nasal product can cause loss of smell

54
Q

Name for: Vitamin A

55
Q

Name for: Vitamin B1

56
Q

Name for: Vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin

57
Q

Name for: Vitamin B3

58
Q

Name for: Vitamin B6

A

Pyridoxine

59
Q

Name for: Vitamin B9

A

Folic acid

60
Q

Name for: Vitamin B12

61
Q

Name for: Vitamin C

A

Ascorbic acid

62
Q

Name for: Vitamin D2

A

Ergocalciferol

63
Q

Name for: Vitamin D3

A

Cholecalciferol

64
Q

Name for: Vitamin E

A

Alpha-tocopherol

65
Q

Supplementation:
1. True or False: Vitamin E is recommended for prevention of CVD or cancer.

  1. Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency is common in __________ and can cause what?
  2. What are some supplements containing only iron? What are some vitamin supplements with iron?
A
  1. False - lack of benefit

2.* Alcohol use disorder (or malabsorptive states) –> can lead to Wernicke’s encephlopathy (s/sx: mental confusion, ataxia, tremor, vision changes; as symptoms of Wernicke’s fade, Kaorsakoff syndrome can develop which is permanent neurologica damage)*

  1. -Iron-only supplements: Fer-In-Sol (iron supplement drops), Feosol (tablets and caplets)

-Vitamin supplements w/ iron: Poly-Vi-Sol (for if vitamin D and iron needed), others: multivitamins

66
Q

What are drugs that can cause nutrient depletion, and which nutrient do they deplete?

A
  1. Amphotericin B - magnesium, potassium
  2. Anticonvulsants - calcium
  3. Isoniazid - vitamin B6
  4. Loop diuretics - potassium
  5. Metformin - vitamin B12
  6. Methotrexate - folate
  7. Orlistat - beta-carotene, fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK)
  8. PPIs - magnesium, vitamin B12 (>2 years of TX for B12)
67
Q

What are conditions where supplementation is actually recommended, and what should be supplemented?

A
  1. Alcohol use disorder - vitamin B1, folate

*2. Chronic kidney disease - vitamin D

*3. Goiter - iodine (iodized salt)

*4. Macrocytic anemia - vitamin B12 and/or folate

*5. Microcytic anemia - ferrous sulfate

*6. Pregnancy - folate, calcium, vitamin D, pyridoxine (for nausea)

*7. Osteopenia/osteoporosis - calcium, vitamin D

  1. Bariatric surgery - varies (pt specific)
  2. Crohn’s disease (possibly ulcerative colitis) - pt specific (depends on the levels); can require iron, zinc, folate, calcium, vitamin D, B vitamins
68
Q

What is homeopathy?

A

Based on the “law of similars” or the concept that “like is cured by like” –> very small amounts of active substance are given to stimulate the body to react against similar symptoms produced by that same substance when given at a higher dose

Ex. homeopathic medicine made from coffee bean relieves sleepiness w/ agitatoin and racing thoughts

NAPLEX (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions