Calculations Flashcards

1
Q

1 lb = _______ oz = _________ g (weight conversion)

A

16 oz; 454g

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2
Q

1 gal = ______ qt = _______ pints

A

4 quarts; 8 pints

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3
Q

1 quart = __________ pints

A

2 pints

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4
Q

1 tbsp = ________ tsp = ________mL

A

3 tsp; 15 mL

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5
Q

1 tsp = ________mL

A

5 mL

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6
Q

1 cup = ______ oz = ________mL

A

8 oz; 236.56 mL (approximately: 240mL)

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7
Q

1 pint = ______ cups = ________ oz = ______mL

A

cups; 16 oz; 473mL (approximately: 480mL

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8
Q

1 quart = ________ pints = ______ oz = ______mL

A

2 pints; 32 oz; 946mL (approximately: 950mL)

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9
Q

1 gallon = ______ quarts = _______ oz = _______mL

A

4 quarts; 128 oz; 3,785mL (approximately: 3,840mL)

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10
Q

1 gr = ________mg

A

64.8 mg (approximately 65mg)

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11
Q

1 oz = __________ g = _____mL

A

28.35 g; 30mL

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12
Q

1 kg = _________ lb = ________g

A

2.2 lb; 1000g

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13
Q

1 inch = ________ cm

A

2.54 cm

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14
Q

1 meter = _______ cm

A

100 cm

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15
Q

1 L = _______mL

A

1000 mL

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16
Q

1 mg = _________mcg

A

1000 mcg

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17
Q

1 cc = ______mL

A

1 mL

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18
Q

1 g = _________mg

A

1000mg

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19
Q

Insulin U-100 = _________ IU/mL

A

100 international units/mL

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20
Q

Opthalamic and otic drops: 1mL = _________gtts unless stated otherwise

A

20 gtts

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21
Q

Degrees Celcius = _________

A

(Degrees F - 32) x 5/9

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22
Q

Degrees Fahrenheit= ____________

A

(Degrees C x 9/5) + 32

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23
Q

Time to Burn (TTB) with sunscreen in min = ___________________

A

SPF x TTB (without sunscreen)

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24
Q

W/V %

A

Weight of solute (g) / volume of solution (mL) x 100%

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25
Q

V/V %

A

Volume of solute (mL) / volume of solution (mL) x 100%

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26
Q

W/W %

A

Weight of solute (g) / weight of solution (g) x 100%

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27
Q

Mostellar Formula (BSA calculation)

A

BSA in m2 = square root [(ht in cm x weight kg) /3600]

OR

BSA in m2 = square root [(ht in in x weight in lb) / 3131]

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28
Q

Dilution Calculation

A

C1 x V1 = C2 x V2

C1 = initial concentration
V1 = initial volume

C2 = final concentration
V2 = final volume

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29
Q

Infusion Rates

A

Rate of infusion = volume of fluid / time of infusion

Ex. mL/min, mL/hr, gtts/mL

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30
Q

Ratios: how to determine 1 part of ____%

A

Proportions

Ex. what is 1 part of 35%?
35% / 100% = 1 part / X

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31
Q

Ratios: how many parts for each drug

A

Add total parts then proportion

Ex. drug A / drug B ratio = 3:5
-Total parts = 8
-Drug A = 3/8
-Drug B = 5/8

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32
Q

Alligations

A

Used to prepare a concentration of solution NOT commercially available

Higher % solution parts

Desired %

Lower % solution parts

  1. Determine total # of parts by adding together
    -Take higher % - Desired % = total parts of lower %
    -Take lower percent - Desired % = total parts of higher %
    -Add lower and higher parts together = total
  2. Set up proportion using parts of each concentration
    -Ex. Amount of higher solution % = parts higher solution / total parts x total volume needed
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33
Q

Parts Per Million

A

PPM = grams of solute / grams of solution x 1,000,000

Solution = solute + solvent

Ex. 50 PPM = 50 parts / 1,000,000

Short-cut:
-PPM to percentage: move decimal LEFT four places
-Percentage to PPM: move decimal RIGHT four places

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34
Q

Specific Gravity

A

Specific gravity = (weight of substance / weight of equal volume of water) = (density of substance / density of standard) = ____g/mL

Density of water = 1000kg/m^3

Weight = density x volume

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35
Q

Normal Saline (NS) = _________%

A

0.9% (w/v)

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36
Q

1/2 NS = _________%

A

0.45% (w/v)

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37
Q

D5W = __________%

A

5% (w/v) dextrose in water

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38
Q

D10W = ___________

A

10% (w/v) dextrose in water

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39
Q

D5NS = ________% and _________% in water

A

5% dextrose and 0.9% NaCl in water

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40
Q

_____ g NaCl in 500mL of 0.9% NaCl

A

4.5 g

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41
Q

Conversion from theophylline to aminophylline and vice versa

A

Theophylline to Aminophylline: divide by 0.8

Aminophylline to theophylline: multiply by A (“ATM” = A to T multiply)

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42
Q

Metoprolol: IV to PO ratio

A

1: 2.5

Ex. 10mg IV metoprolol = 25mg PO metoprolol

43
Q

Furosemide: IV to PO ratio

A

1:2

Ex. 20mg IV furosemide = 40mg PO furosemide

**OTHER loop diuretics are just 1:1 ratios

44
Q

Ethacrynic acid ___mg = Furosemide ____mg = Torsemide ____mg = Bumetanide ____mg

A

Ethacrynic acid 50mg = Furosemide 40mg = Torsemide 20mg = Bumetanide 1mg

45
Q

Levothyroxine: IV to PO ratio

A

0.75:1

Ex. 75mcg IV levothyroxine = 100mcg PO levothyroxine

46
Q

Cortisone ____mg = Hydrocortisone ____mg = Prednisone ___mg = Prednisolone ____mg = Methylprednisolone _____mg = Triamcinolone ____mg = Dexamethasone _____mg = Betamethasone ____mg

A

Cortisone 25mg = Hydrocortisone 20mg = Prednisone 5mg = Prednisolone 5mg = Methylprednisolone 4mg = Triamcinolone 4mg = Dexamethasone 0.75mg = Betamethasone 0.6mg

47
Q

Lithium citrate syrup 5mL = _______mg of lithium carbonate = ____mEq Li+

A

300mg; 8 mEq

48
Q

Calcium carbonate = _______% elemental Ca++

49
Q

Calcium citrate = _______% elemental Ca++

50
Q

Calcium acetate = _______% elemental Ca++

51
Q

pH = _______________________

How to interpret pH and pKa

A

pKa + log [base/acid]
or
pKa + log [A-/HA]
or
pKa + log [salt/acid]

pH > pKa: more acid is ionzied
pH = pKa: equal amounts of ionized and un-inonized forms
pH < pKa: more of conguate base is ionized

Most drugs: WEAK ACIDS

52
Q

% Ionization (weak acid) = ________________

A

100 / [1+10^(pka-pH)]

53
Q

% Ionization (weak base) = _____________

A

100 / [1+10^(pH-pka)]

54
Q

Anion Gap (AG) = _____________________
-What are typical levels?
-What is the corrected formula if albumin is out of range?
-Causes of anion gap (CUTE DIMPLES)?

A

AG = Na - (Cl + HCO3)

Normal levels: 8-16 (Considered high when >12)

Corrected AG = AG + [ 2.5 x (4-albumin)]

CUTE DIMPLES:
-C: Cyanide
-U: Uremeia
-T: Touline
-E: Ethanol (alcoholic ketoacidosis)

-D: Diabetic ketoacidosis
-I: Isonazid
-M: Methanol
-P: Propylene glycol
-L: Lactic acidosis
-E: Ethylene glycol
-S: Salicylates

55
Q

Arterial Blood Gas (ABG):
1. pH > _________ = alkalosis
2. pH <_________ = acidosis

  1. In respiratory, a pCO2 <_____ indicates alkalosis, while a pCO2 > _______ indicates acidosis.
  2. In metabolic, a HCO3 >_____ indicates alkalosis, while a HCO3 <_______ indicates acidosis.
A

Acidosis: pH <7.35
Alkalosis: pH >7.45

Respiratory:
-Acidosis: pCO2 > 45
-Alkalosis: pCO2 <35

Metabolic:
-Acidosis: HCO3 <22
-Alkalosis: HCO3 > 26

56
Q

Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) = _____________________________________________

A

WBC x (segmented neutrophils% + segmentedbands%) / 100

57
Q

Osmolarity Gap = _________________________
-What are typical levels?
-When might osmolar gap be evaluated?

A

Osmolarity Gap = measured osmolarity - calculated osmolarity

Calculated osmolarity = 2(serum Na) + (glucose/18) + (BUN/2.3) + (ethanol/4.6)

Normal levels: around 10

Osmolar gap identifies unmeasured osmols to resolve underlying insults (ex. toxic alcohol ingestions)

58
Q

Osmolarity (mOsmol/L) = ________________

A

[wt of substance (g/L) / MW (g/mole)] x # of particles x 1,000

59
Q

Isotonicity (E) = _________________________

A

[58.5 x i] / [MW of drug x 1.8]

60
Q

Moles (mols) = ___________________________

61
Q

Millimoles (mmols) = ____________________

62
Q

Milliequivalents (mEq) = __________________

A

[mg x valence] / MW
or
mmols x valence

Measures an electrolyte’s chemical activity according to valence and their dissociation ability in liquid

63
Q

KCl 10% = ___________________________________

A

20 mEq / 15mL

64
Q

Corrected calcium = ________________

A

Corrected Ca++ = measured Ca + [0.8 x (4-albumin g/dL)

65
Q

Corrected sodium = _____________________

A

Corrected Na+ = measured Na + (0.2 x triglyceride levels) OR

Corrected Na+ = measured Na + [1.6 x (measured glucose - 100) /100]

66
Q

Water deficit = ___________________________

A

Water deficit = 0.6 x weight in kg x [(serum Na/140) -1]

67
Q

Determining general fluid needs: when a person weighs >20kg, what is the general equation?

A

1,500mL + [20mL x (weight in kg - 20)]

Can be estimated by about 30-40 mL/kg/day

68
Q

Ideal Body Weight (IBW)

A

Men = 50 + [2.3 x (every inch >60 inches)]

Women = 45.5 + [2.3 x (every inch >60 inches)]

**If someone is under 5 feet
Men = 50 + [2.3 x (every inch <60 inches)]
Women = 45.5 - [2.3 x (every inch <60 inches)]

69
Q

Adjusted Body Weight (Adjusted BW)

A

Adjusted BW = IBW + [0.4 x (TBW-IBW)]

**IBW = Ideal Body Weight
**TBW = Total Body Weight

70
Q

Creatinine Clearance (Cockcroft-Gault)

A

CrCl = (140 - age) / [(72 x SCr) x weight in kg)] x 0.85 if female

**Use adjusted BW if actual body weight is >130% IBW

71
Q

A BUN/SCr ratio > ____:____ suggests dehydration.

72
Q

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A

BMI = (weight in kg) / (height in m2) OR
BMI = (weight in lb / height in in2) x 703

BMI Readings:
-Less than 18.5: Underweight
-18.5-24.9: Normal weight
-25-29.9: Overweight
-30-34.9: Obese
-Over 35: Morbidly obese

73
Q

For the following drugs/scenarios, determine which type of weight should be used for the calculation (TBW, IBW, AdjustedBW):
1. Underweight individuals in all drugs

  1. Normal weight or obese in most drugs
  2. Acyclovir, Aminophylline, Levothyroxine, Theophylline (normal weight or obese)
  3. Aminogylcosides (obese)
A
  1. TBW
  2. TBW
  3. IBW
  4. AdjustedBW
74
Q

Protein and Carbs = _____kcal/g

75
Q

Dextrose = _________kcal/g

76
Q

Fat = __________kcal/g

77
Q

Intravenous Lipid Emulsions (ILE):
1. ILE 10% = _______kcal/mL
2. ILE 20% = ______kcal/mL
3. ILE 30% = ______kcal/mL

A

10%: 1.1 kcal/mL
20%: 2 kcal/mL
30%: 3 kcal/mL

78
Q

Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) = ______________________________________________

A

BEE (Basal Energy Expenditure) x activity factor x stress

79
Q

Nitrogen in g = ____________________________

A

protein intake (g) / 6.25

80
Q

Bioavailability (F) = ________________________

A

F = 100% x [(PO AUC / IV AUC) x (IV dose / PO dose)]

81
Q

Volume of Distribution (Vd) = ___________

A

Cl / K
or
Amount of drug in body / concentration of drug in plasma

82
Q

Half-life (T1/2) = _______________________

83
Q

Clearance (CL) = __________________________

A

Cl = F x dose / AUC
or
Cl = K x Vd

84
Q

Predicting Drug Concentrations:

C2 = ___________________________________

K = _______________________________________

A

C2 = C1 x e^-kt

K = [ln (C1/C2)] / t

85
Q

Loading Dose (LD) = _____________________

A

[Desired concentration x Vd] / F

86
Q

Corrected phenytoin (mcg/mL)= ___________________

A

Phenytoin measured/ [(albumin x0.2) + 0.1]

**For renal disease, change 0.2 to 0.1

87
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) = _____________________________________________

A

[2 x DBP + SBP] / 3

88
Q

Friedewald Equation: LDL = _____________________________________________

A

TC - HDL - (TG / 5)

**do NOT use if TG > 400

89
Q

Minimum Weighable Quantity (MWQ) Equation for compounding

A

MWQ = sensitivity replacement / acceptable rate error (usually 0.05)

90
Q

Pack-year smoking hx = _________________

A

Cigarette packs/day x years smoked

91
Q

Initiating basal-bolus insulin in T1DM

A
  1. Calculate total daily dose (TDD) of 0.5 units/kg/day using TBW
  2. Divide into 1/2 basal and 1/2 rapid-acting
  3. Split rapid acting among meals
92
Q

Insulin-to-Carbohydrate Ratio: What rules are used for regular versus rapid-acting insulin?

A

Rule of 450: 450 / TDD of insulin = grams of carbohydrates covered by 1 unit of REGULAR insulin

Rule of 500: 500 / TDD of insulin = grams of carbohydrates covered by 1 unit of RAPID-acting insulin

93
Q

Correction factors for regular and rapid-acting insulin

A

1,500 Rule: 1,500 / TDD of insulin = correction factor for 1 unit of REGULAR insulin

1,800 Rule: 1,800/ / TDD of insulin = correction factor for 1 unit of RAPID-acting insulin

Correction Dose for Insulin: [BG currently taken - target BG] / correction factor

94
Q

General insulin conversion ratios

A

Typically 1:1

Exceptions:
-NPH dosed BID: converting to glargine, use 80% of NPH dose

-Toujeo (insulin glargine) to other forms of glargine or detemir: use 80% of Toujeo dose

95
Q

Risk = ___________________________(Biostats)

A

of subjects in group with UNFAVORABLE event / total # of subjects

of subjects in group with UNFAVORABLE event / total # of subjects

96
Q

Relative Risk (RR) = ________________________

A

Risk in TX group / Risk in control group

97
Q

Relative Risk Reduction (RRR) = ____________________________________________

A

[% of risk in control group - % of risk in TX group] / % risk in control group

98
Q

Absolute Risk Reduction = _______________

A

% risk in control group - % risk in TX group

99
Q

Number Needed to Treat (NNT) or Number Needed to Harm (NNH) = __________________________________________

A

1 / ARR (Absolute Risk Reduction)

100
Q

Odds Ratio = ____________________________

A

[Outcome present with exposure present x Outcome absent with exposure absent] / [Outcome absent with exposure present x Outcome present with exposure absent]

101
Q

Hazard Ratio (HR) = _____________________

A

Hazard rate in TX group / Hazard rate in control group

102
Q

Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio

A

[C2 - C1] / [E2 -E1]

C = costs
E = effects

103
Q

K, Na, and other monovalent ions: 1 mEq = ________mmol

104
Q

Ca++ and other divalent ions: 1 mEq = ______ mmol