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Geography - Physical Paper > Natural Hazards > Flashcards

Natural Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a natural event

A

A natural event would occur on earth without people, they are events that naturally happen on our earth .

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2
Q

What is a natural hazard

A

A natural hazard is when humans and livings things are present during these events which are a hazard towards us therefore becomes a ‘natural hazard’

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3
Q

How are different natural hazards classified. (4)

A

Tectonic hazards- such as earthquake, tsunamis and volcanoes (due to earth structure- crust and tectonic plates)
Atmospheric hazards- such as hurricanes, droughts, snow storms (things that occur in the atmosphere)
Geomorphological hazards- flooding, avalanches, land slides (things that occur on earths surface)
Biological hazards- forest fires, animal and plant invasions (things that involve living organisms)

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4
Q

Why are some natural hazards harder to categorise than others?

A

Their characteristics- e.g. Tsunamis are tectonic hazards but can also be geomorphological as landslides can displace a large body of water causing a tsunami

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5
Q

How can human activity cause avalanches

A

People skiing on unstable, uneven areas of snow.
Building on these snowed grounds can create pressure and intense noise which causes vibrations therefore leading to an avalanche.
Global warming.

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6
Q

Why do people live In places where natural hazards occur

GIVE EXAMPLE

A 
E.G. JAVA IN INDONESIA 
Recourses- cheap geothermal energy& fertile soil, minerals
Jobs
Optimistic it won't happen 
Over confident in defences 
Can't move- expensive, lack of knowledge and language barrier 
Housing is cheaper in these areas 
Tourism
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7
Q

What is the crust

A

Outer layer of the earth

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8
Q

What is a plate margin

A

The boundary where two plates meet

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9
Q

What is mantle

A

The dense, mostly solid layer between the outer core and the crust

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10
Q

What is a plate

A

Section of earths crust

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11
Q

What are convection currents

A

Circular currents of heat rising and falling in the mantle, they move the plates.

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12
Q

What are the two different types of crust

A

Continental- carries land

Oceanic- carries water

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13
Q

Describe the movement in convection currents

A

Current heated rock in mantle rises as it’s less dense
Semi molten rock spreads out carrying the above plate with it
The mantle then cools and sinks back down to be reheated

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of plate boundary

Example for each

A

Conservative- San Andreas fault
Constructive - Mid Atlantic Ridge
Destructive - Nazca Plate under South America Plate

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15
Q

Describe what happens at a conservative boundary

A

The plates move sideways past each other.
Crust is neither created nor destroyed. When the 2 plates stick, pressure builds up which can be suddenly released and an earthquake can occur.

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16
Q

Describe what happens at a constructive boundary

A

The plates are moving away from eachother, molten rock rises from the mantle below the crust which eventually cools and a new crust forms . Features around this type of plate margin are volcanos

17
Q

Describe what happens at a destructive boundary

A

Two plates move towards eachother. The oceanic plate is denser and sinks under the continental plate. It is destroyed. As a result, deep ocean trenches are formed and volcanoes occur at the surface. On occasions the plates stick and pressure builds up, this may be released suddenly and an earthquake occurs.

18
Q

What is an earthquake

A

An earthquake is a sudden violent movement (shockwave) within the earths crust.
They occur due to a release of built up pressure in the crust.

19
Q

What is the focus point

A

The point within the earth where shockwaves start

UNDERGROUND

20
Q

What is the epicentre

A

The point on the earths SURFACE above the focus. Earth quakes are felt the strongest there.

21
Q

What are aftershocks

A

Smaller waves that occur after the initial movement. These may last months after th large quake

22
Q

How do we measure earthquake activity

A

Levels 1 to 7 goes up by x10 each time

E.g. Level 1- 1 level 2- 10, level 3- 100

23
Q

What can we use to measure how an earthquake feels (intensity &effects of shaking on people, structure and the environment)

A

The mercalli scale

24
Q

Explain the characteristics of the mercalli scale

A

Is is qualitative data measured by the judgment of humans. It has 1-12 levels on the scale, the level of the quake increases evenly.
,

25
Q

What can we use to measure the magnitude (strength of waves and vibrations being emitted)

A

The Richter scale

26
Q

Explain the characteristics of the Richter scale

A

Quantitive datas, measured by an instrument called a seismometer. The number of levels on the scale is 1-10 and the level of quake increases logarithmically.

27
Q

What is the damage done like on the mercalli scale and the Richter scale (comparison)

A

In the mercalli scale -Steering of cars affected
Buildings damaged, including some damage to earthquake resistant buildings
Cracks in ground
However in the Richter scale- bridges destroyed, few structures left standing

28
Q

Why do some earthquakes cause more damage than others (5)

A

Large urbanised areas- more things and People to get hurt and damaged
Time of day- if an earthquake hits at rush hour then the large amount of people located in that certain area will be at a huge risk.
Low income countries- poorly built houses, aren’t equipped.
Population density
Depth of focus- deeper it is the less impact

29
Q

Primary effects of earthquake activity

A

Collapsing buildings and bridges
Cracked and twisted roads and other transport links
Death and injuries to individuals
Panic and shock of the people affected

30
Q

Secondary effects of earthquake activity

A

Fires caused by broken gas mains and electrical cables
Tsunamis
Landslides
Avalanches
Disease and famine due to a lack of clean water and medical facilities

31
Q

Immediate responses to earthquake activity

A 
Getting under tables 
Get out of buildings
Dig people out 
Emergency aid 
Rescue teams
Sniffer dogs 
Heat sensing equipment
32
Q

Long term responses to earthquakes

A

Rebuilding programs

Reconstruction

33
Q

How can the risk of earthquake activity be reduced

3ps

A

Predict
Prepare
Protect

34
Q

First p- PREDICT

What does this involve and do

A

This involves monitoring activity- find earth quakes location- this also involves historical evidence to try to predict where and when another earthquake might occur

35
Q

4 signs that suggest an earthquake might occur

A
  • small foreshocks before main quake these can be measures with a seismograph
  • animals often react strangely (birds go silent and dogs howl)
  • small cracks develop in rocks, these can cause rocks to swell, bulge and fill with after due to changing water levels- Rodon gas will also Seep out.
  • most likely to occur after long period of time in which the plates don’t move (pressure building)
36
Q

Second p- PLAN/PREPARE

What can we do to plan and prepare

A

Radio stations and to stations must be prepared to give out earthquake advice
Emergency plans for people who get injured
Family emergency kits should provide food, clothing, a radio and torch
Architects and builders must follow rules for a safe building
Every month schools must practice a drill
Hospitals and fire stations must not be built in earthquake zones

37
Q

Explain how the structure of a building can be adapted to earth quakes and give an example.
PROTECT

A

Steel frames that can sway during earthquake movement
Birdcage like interlocking steel frame
Outer panels flexibly attached to steel structure
Fire resistant building materials
Rubber shock absorbers to absorb earth tremors
Automatic window shutters prevent falling glass.
E.g. Transamerican pyramided shaped building

Geography - Physical Paper (5 decks)

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