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GCSE Geography 🌏 > 🌋 Natural Hazards > Flashcards

🌋 Natural Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Natural hazard

A

A natural event that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage, destruction and death

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2
Q

Tectonic hazards

A

Earths crust + plate boundaries
Earthquake
Tsunami
Volcanic eruption

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3
Q

Atmospheric hazards

A

Air
Tropical storms
Tornado
Global warming
Fog
Frost
Wind
Rain
Hail
Snow
Thunder and lightening
Freezing rain

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4
Q

Geomorphological hazards

A

On land
Erosion
El Niño
Coastal/river flooding
Mass movement
Salinisation
Sea ice and ice burgs
Forest and bush fires
Glacier surge/advance

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5
Q

Biological hazards

A

Living things
Animal and plant invasions eg. Locust swarms
Server disease epidemic in humans/plants
Forest and bush fires

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6
Q

Why are some hazards difficult to categorise?

A

Fall into more than one category

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7
Q

Tectonic hazards around the world ..

A

are:
unevenly distributed
found at plate boundaries

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8
Q

4 layers of the earth

A

Crust
Mantle
Inner core
Outer core

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9
Q

Crust

A

Outer layer
Up to 75km thick
Solid
Continental and oceanic
Split into plates

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10
Q

Mantle

A

Middle layer
Up to 2800km thick
Upper part = lithosphere and is rigid
Lower part is largest layer = asthenosphere and semi molten rock half liquid half solid and it moves

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11
Q

Inner core

A

Innermost part
Composed of iron and nickel
Solid
5000oC
Hottest part of the earth
Pressure

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12
Q

Outer core

A

Central part of the earth
Outer part of core has liquid properties
Liquid at 3000oC

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13
Q

Oceanic crust

A

Basalt
6-10km relatively thin
Underneath oceans
>200 million years old (relatively new)
Very dense
Renewable
Destroyable

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14
Q

Continental crust

A

Various eg. Granite
70km very thick
On the land
1500 million years old
Less dense
Non renewable
Cannot be destroyed

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15
Q

Plate boundary / margin

A

Places where 2 plates meet

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16
Q

What cause the tectonic plates to move

A

Convection currents

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17
Q

Describe convection current (5)

A

Heat source radioactive decay in earths core
Heated rock in mantle rises as it is less dense
Semi molten rock spreads our carrying the plate above with it
Direction of plate move,ent = direction of convection current (constructively, destructively…etc)
Cools down and sinks to be reheated as it had lost its heat energy

18
Q

4 plate boundary types

A

Collision (—><—)
Destructive (—><—)
Constructive (<——>)
Conservative (<===>)

19
Q

Constructive

A

Moving away from
Gap for magma to rise, and cools down to form solid rock
Volcanos form but don’t erupt with force as it can escape easily
Earth quakes
Mid Atlantic ridge

20
Q

Destructive

A

Dense oceanic plate subducts below less densest continental plate
As plate sinks it is destroyed due to pressure and it melts closer to the mantle
Stores magma in subduction zone
Erupts into a volcano as magma is forced o rise to the surface
Ocean trench

21
Q

Conservative

A

Two plates slide past each other along a fault line
Sna address fault
Friction causes Often stuck which builds pressure and erupts into an earthquake
No volcanoes
Same or different direction but differ g speeds

22
Q

Collision

A

32 plates of similar density move together
Cause material between them to fold and buckle and rise up for in fold mountains
Himalayas
No volcanoes

23
Q

Earthquakes are caused by …

A

Caused by earth movements at plate margins

24
Q

Earthquakes at

A

All plate margins

25
Q

Focus

A

Point where the waves started in the crust

26
Q

Epicentre

A

Point directly above the focus on the earths surface

27
Q

Seismic waves

A

The shockwaves are seismic waves generated by an earthquake that pass through the earths crust

28
Q

Richter scale measured

A

Amount of energy released (magnitude) using a seismometer

29
Q

Richter scale measured

A

Amount of energy released (magnitude) using a seismometer

30
Q

Richter scale is from

A

1-10 each levels 10 times stronger

31
Q

Mercalli scale measures

A

Effects of an earthquake
Damage done
Subjective

32
Q

Mercalli scale from

A

1-12

33
Q

Frequency

A

How often an earthquake occurs

34
Q

Risks of living in a hazardous area

A

Death
Property damage
Loss of job
Loss of belongings
Injuries
Unemployment

35
Q

Rewards of living in a hazardous area

A

Volcano:
Minerals form soil
Geothermal energy
Fertile soils
Tourism

Coast:
Flat land
Time to evacuate due to successful procedure
Good climate
Good transport links

All:
Family
Jobs
Resources
Livelihoods

36
Q

Why do people live in hazardous areas?

A

Lack of knowledge
Lack of funds to move
Language barrier
Confidence in defences
Can’t predict it

37
Q

Predict

A

Making an educated guess about a future event
Allows time to prepare an protect
Eg, animal senses, tilt meters, foreshock metres

38
Q

Protect

A

Safe and secure
Earthquake houses springy foundations, good exits, sliding foundations, steel frames, rubber shock absorbers

39
Q

Prepare

A

Plan in place, earthquake = emergency plan
Drop, cover hold on
Building codes
Emergency kits
Construct shelters
Turn off gas immediately
Earthquake practices

40
Q

What is atmospheric circulation?

A

The general movements of air around the Earth due to pressure and temperature

41
Q

Adaptation

A

Is responding to climate change by coming up with ways to live and cope with the effects of

42
Q

What is Carbon Capture and Storage?

A

The process of capturing carbon dioxide that would normally be emitted into the atmosphere and storing it underground in reservoirs

GCSE Geography 🌏 (4 decks)

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