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Civil Rights > Native Americans > Flashcards

Native Americans Flashcards

1
Q

What were some of the reasons for Westward expansion? (4)

A

Manifest destiny
Gold rush
Homestead Act
Development of railways

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2
Q

What was manifest destiny? (2)

A

Term to describe Americans God-given right to expand the West.
Coined in 1945.

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3
Q

What was the Homestead Act? (2)

A

1862 act that gave farmers 160 Acre plot of land to farm.

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4
Q

What was the impact of Westward expansion on NA fishing? (2)

A

NAs who didn’t leave were deprived of their fishing rights.

Those who did move could however no longer fish.

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5
Q

How did Westward expansion affect the buffalo? (3)

A

Their herds were disrupted by railway lines.
Hunted by settlers.
Land restriction made following the buffalo very hard.

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6
Q

What were the Plains Wars? (2)

A

Wars caused by Govt failure to provide food for NAs.

Led to wars from 1862-1868.

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7
Q

What was the effect of the Civil War on NAs? (3)

A

Plains troops withdrawn:
Removes source of trade and replaced with corrupt troops.
Leads to Sand Creek Massacre and Wounded Knee.

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8
Q

When and what were the Sand creek Massacre and Massacre at Wounded Knee? (3)

A

SCM- 1864

MWK- 1890 and 100+ NAs die

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9
Q

What were the Fort Laramie Treaties? (3)

A

NAs signed over there land to settlers- often not respected.

Eg 1867

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10
Q

How many settlers were on the Plains by 1865? (1)

A

20, 000

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11
Q

What was the effects of railway expansion on NAs? (3)

A

Kills buffalo
Draws more settlers
Disrupts and removes their land

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12
Q

How did the Govt hope to achieve assimilation in the Pre WWI period? (4)

A

Allotment policy- destroy tribal structure
Education
Christianity
Ban practices such as polygamy, brave demonstrations, chieftains and traditional medicine

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13
Q

How did education policy Pre WWI negatively and positively effects NA children?

A

Offered vocational and domestic education- more job opportunities
Removed names, language and ability to pass on culture

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14
Q

When was Congress given the right to set reservation boundaries? (1)

A

1871

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15
Q

When was the Battle of Little Big Horn and what effects did this have on NA land? (2)

A

1876 and leads to further reductions of NA lands

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16
Q

What were the negative impacts of reservations Pre WWI?

A

Dependency on govt- humiliation and starvation
Diseases and culture shock lead to many deaths
Drought on the 1880s- more starvation
Alcohol addiction- availability of Whiskey

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17
Q

When was the Dawes Act introduced and what did it aim to do? (3)

A

1887
Divides up reservations into plots of land which NA heads could own.
Attempts to break up tribal structure and make NAs farmers.

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18
Q

What were the negative and positive impacts of the Allotment policy? (4)

A

Gets rid of tribes
Forces them to own land
Unable to farm which often leads to them selling land off
Decreases status of women especially those from matriarchal tribes

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19
Q

What were the positive impacts of the Allotment policy? (2)

A

But gives NAs Citizenship and voting rights

Leads to first NA Supreme Court challenges

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20
Q

When was the Allotment policy extended to the 5 Civilized Tribes and what did they try to do? (2)

A

1889

They tried to stop this by proposing the state of Sequoyah but failed and lost 2 million acres of land

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21
Q

When were the Cherokee Nation vs Hitchcock and Lonewolf vs Hitchcock challenges and what was the result? (3)

A

Cherokee vs Hitchcock 1902
Lonewolf vs Hitchcock 1903
Leads to Govt gaining rights to revoke all land treaties with NAs.

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22
Q

What were the positives and negatives of the WWI period for NAs? (4)

A

Citizenship and voting rights given to ALL NAs

NAs don’t value citizenship
They do not get sovereignty or land back
Allotment and assimilation policies continue
Dance order

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23
Q

When was the Wheeler-Howard Act? (1)

A

1934

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24
Q

What were the positive effects of the Wheeler-Howard Act? (6)

A

Made moves to protect NA culture eg overturns Levitt Bill
Ends Allotment Policy
Leads to building of new hospitals and schools on reservations
Extends political rights to NA women
Involves NAs in running of reservations
Rights to protect land from individual buyers

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25
Q

When was the Levitt Bill and what was it? (2)

A

1923

Restricts traditional NA dances

26
Q

Why was the ‘Indian New Deal’s effectiveness limited? (3)

A

Continues assimilation
No return of the lands which the act had promised
NA funds are later diverted to was effort

27
Q

Which two factors lead to the worsening postion of NAs from 1945-1969? (2)

A

Termination policy- NAs removed as wards of state and reservations closed in order to speed assimilation
Urbanization- NAs moving to cities through either force or choice

28
Q

What were the negative effects of urbanization from 1945-1969? (4)

A

Failure to assimilate to city life
Low literacy and unemployment rates are high
Ghettos
Unable to support relatives so many old people forced to return to reservations

29
Q

How many NAs return to reservations after urbanization in the 1945-1969 period? How did they find the reservations to be? (2)

A

50%

They find the conditions worse as funding cut

30
Q

How did the 1945-1969 period foment NA activism? (2)

A

Ghettos- leads to a preservation of NA culture

Civil Rights movement- inspires activism

31
Q

What improvements did NAs see in the 1969-92 period? Were any of these limited? (5)

A

More education and employment opportunities- still below national average in 1992
Restoration of lands or compensation- not always what they wanted eg Sioux
Religion and culture protected by states
Allowed to control reservations
Many tribes regained their status

32
Q

How many NAs were recorded in the 1990 status in comparison with 1970? (2)

A

800, 000 in 1970 and 1 million in 1990

33
Q

What was the NA life expectancy in the 1945-1969 period? (1)

A

44 years

34
Q

In 1960, how many NAs were considered ‘poor’? (1)

A

25%

35
Q

How did Manifest destiny affect the attitudes of Presidents? (1)

A

Were happy to take away land and culture (often giving it to rail companies) as they believed the land was their birth right.

36
Q

When was the Pacific Railway Act? (1)

A

1862

37
Q

Between 1850-1871 how many of acres of land did Presidents give to rail companies? (1)

A

150 million acres

38
Q

How did the economy affect the attitudes of Presidents? (3)

A

Civil war- lack of aid being given to reservations eg 1880 meat supplies to the Sioux stop
WWII- sees an end to New Deal funding as resources diverted to war (Japanese and NAs forced together on reservations)
Native capitalism and lack of funding during Reagan’s presidency

39
Q

What rights did the New Deal give NAs? How was it limited? (6)

A 
Citizenship and vote
Federal aid
Preservation of culture
Ends allotments 
Rights to manage assets
But- Stopped by WWII, assimilation continues and questionable motives.
40
Q

How did Nixon help NAs? (4)

A

Affirmative Action
Some lands slowly returned
Education
Status of tribes- right to go to court

41
Q

When was Nixon’s message to congress and what did he say in it? (2)

A

1970

Condemned previous treatment of NAs

42
Q

What steps did Nixon take to increase representation of NAs in decision making? (2)

A

Used affirmative action in the Bureau of Indian Affairs

Appointed 1st NA commissioner of Indian Affairs

43
Q

When was the 1972 Education Act and what did it do?(2)

A

1972

Increased funding for NA schools

44
Q

How did Ford help NAs? (2)

A

Indian Self-determination Act 1975- tribes control over health care, education and gave them funding
Indian Education Assistance Act 1975- NAs allowed more involvement in children’s education

45
Q

How did Carter help NAs? (2)

A

NA Religious Freedom Act 1978- right to follow religion

Indian Child Welfare Act 1978- stop removal of NA children from families

46
Q

When was the reservation policy? What did it entail? (2)

A

1871-87

Ends lifestyle and culture, wards of state, focuses on education and assimilation and no Civil Rights

47
Q

When did NAs lose the right to negotiate land borders? (1)

A

1871

48
Q

What was the significance of Little Big Horn on NAs? (2)

A

Further land reductions

Leads to allotment policy

49
Q

When was the allotment policy? What did it entail? (3)

A

1887-1934
Tries to assimilate through breaking tribal structure, homesteads and farming, gives citizenship but still discrimination
Does what govt wants not what NAs want

50
Q

When was the termination policy? What did it entail? (2)

A

1953-69
Aggressive assimilation, tries to end reservations and take land for mining, removes tribal status, all NAs citizens, offered help to relocate

51
Q

When and what was the Cherokees Supreme Court judgment? What it successful? (3)

A

Cherokees challenged right of govt to deny them the right to live by own laws in 1902. Unsuccessful.

52
Q

When and what was the Lone Wolf Supreme Court judgment? What it successful? (3)

A

Lone Wolf challenged govt ignoring a 1867 land treaty. Unsuccessful- leads to Congress’ right to revoke all treaties and take more land and means NAs can only appeal to Congress

53
Q

Why and when did the Pueblo Indians loose their land? (2)

A

1921

They are deemed incapable of caring for it.

54
Q

What did NAs petition State Supreme Courts for? Where they successful? (3)

A

The legality of denying the franchise granted them in 1924

Unsuccessful of states continue to use voting clauses

55
Q

When was the Arizona voting rights Supreme Court challenge? Was it successful? (3)

A

1948 two NAs challenge Arizona for voting rights (helped by NCRI)
Successful although this is not applied in all states

56
Q

What kind of Supreme Court challenges sees? Why? (5)

A

Challenges for:

reinstating tribal sovereignty and lands
hunting and fishing rights
vote
right to worship and burial remains

Spurred on by Red Power and NARF assistance

57
Q

When and what was the Oneida vs Oneida and Madison Counties case? Was it successful? (3)

A

1974- they are returned their lands

Inspires similar challenges across USA

58
Q

What and when was the Fisher vs Montana case? (2)

A

1976- granted tribal courts they right to decide on removing NA children from families and their adoption

59
Q

What and when was the US vs Sioux Nation case? Successful? (3)

A

1980- awarded compensation of over $100 million

Sioux refuse it but more tribes sue for land in Black Hills of Dakota

60
Q

When and what was the Seminole Tribe vs Butterworth case? Significance? (3)

A

1982- right to establish gambling enterprises on NA lands despite state law granted.
Emphasises that NA land has own rights above the states

61
Q

When and what was the Charrier vs Bell case? (2)

A

1986

burial remains found in Louisiana returned to NAs

Civil Rights (7 decks)

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